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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four types of Attachment Patterns
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secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized-disoriented
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Harlow’s studies:
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•Isolated newborn monkeys. He raised them with surrogate mothers.
•There were two mothers. One made of wire mesh who would always have the food. Te other surrogate mother would be covered with. Soft Terry cloth. She did not have food ever. •People bought that the monkey would like the food mother. But they were. Wrong. The monkey would spend it's time on the cloth mother, the monkey would only go to the other moth for food and that's it. |
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Attachment
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•It is close emotional bonds infants develop with their caregivers.
•something that is very important as a predictor for later relationships in life. |
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Secure
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•attached children use mom as a home base to explore the room
•As the stress level begins to increase the children become uneasy and seek contact with mom •Ex. When moms leaves the room the child cries a little, but quickly calmed down when the mom returned. |
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Ambivalent
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•Then infant gets very upset when the mom leaves the room. Wen the mom comes back, the infant clings to her, but realizes that she is angry. Infant grabs the mom, but pushes her away
•Ex. I am happy to see you, but I am angry at you. |
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Avoidant
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• When there is no strong attachment to mom. The child is not particularly bothers by the appearance of stranger in the room. Most often the child does not even cry when the mom leaves and doesn't pay much attention when the mother returns.
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Disorganized-disoriented
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•Very Small percentage of children.
When a child has inconsistent contradictory Behavior. The child behaves one way one day, and a different behavior another day. Sometimes the child seems fearful and like a coward, then suddenly it is not |
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The father’s role in attachment
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Engage in more physical, rough-and-rumble sorts of activities
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Ainsworth's Strange Situation Assessment
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1 Parent and child are alone in a room
2 Child explores the room without parental participation 3 Stranger enters the room, talk to the parent, and approaches the child 4 Parent quietly leaves the room 5 Parent then returns and comforts the child. |
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Cognitive development
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The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of ange and experience.
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-Sensorimotor stage
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When infants learn to coordinate motor skills with sensory input.
Ex When a child learns to grab things, or turn it's head to see where a hooked is coming from. The big accomplishment occurs during this stage cognitively speaking is object permanence, when a child learns that an object exists even when it is not visible (occurs between 4-8months) |
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-preoperational stage
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The period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development, symbolic thinking and egocentric thinking
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-concrete operations stage
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The period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought, loss of egocentrism, development of conservation, mastery of concept of reversibility
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-formal operations stage
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The period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by the development of logical and abstract thinking
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Principle of conservation
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The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
Ex. Children not being able to understand amounts of liquids changing as they are poured back and forth in glasses. |
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Compliance
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social pressure is directly acted on you and you conform to it.
-foot in the door -door in the face -that’s not all -not so free sample |
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Information processing Intelligence
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•Focuses on the underlying processes of intelligence. It is aligned on the theory of memory.
•Higher intelligence: spend more time encoding, identifying parts of the problem, and retrieving relevant info from long term memory. •Higher rate of speed of processing: higher verbal scored |
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Emotional Intelligence
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can assess, evaluate, and regulate emotions effectively
•How you can get a long wi other people. Being able to access and gauge how others are experiencing you emotionally |
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Practical Intelligence
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overall success in living (career success)
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Information Processing Model
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The way in which people take in, use, and store information.
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Vygotsky’s Theory
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The culture in which we are raised significantly affects our cognitive development.
not a stage theory. When a child is tackling cognitive problem, that is an adult assist the child, the child may be able to solve things that it would not be able to solve at that age level. |
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scaffolding
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(assisting) is provided (to direct) the child might be able to solve more difficult problems than you'd expect for the age.
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Attribution theory
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The theory of personality that seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual’s behavior, what the specific causes of that person’s behavior are.
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external
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something about the situation the person is in.
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internal
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is something about the person.
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stable
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if an event cannot be changed
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unstable
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if an event can change (The economy)
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situational causes
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perceived causes of behavior that are based on environmental factors
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dispositional causes
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perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors
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halo effect
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an extension of an impression of a person to influence the total judgment of that person. To evaluate an individual high on certain traits because they are high on a certain trait.
Ex. When a person has one desirable trait and you assume them to have many desirable traits. |
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assumed similarity bias
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over estimation of the degree of similarity between themselves and other persons on the variety of dimension. Assuming people share certain outlooks.
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self-serving bias
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taking credit for ones success by attributing internal factors while attributing failure to external factors. "if it's anything good its all me, if its anything bad it's because of those people or that situation.
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency of people to overvalue internal explanations or dispositional behaviors while under valuing external or situation explanations
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Conformity
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A change in behavior or attitude that is brought about the desire to follow. Doing what other people are doing.
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Asch’s study
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he would show the lines to people. He had groups of six people. Bt only 1 person should be experimented. The rest would be performing the experiment n the single person too.
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Groupthink
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a style of group decision making characterized by members to agreeing with each other. Interested in having everyone like you than actually discussing and sharing ideas. Ex. When everyone agrees with the boss's ideas because they don't want to get fired and want to stay in good terms with the boss.
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Compliance
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social pressure is directly acted on you and you conform to it.
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-foot in the door
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Used by sales people. Increases compliance by first asking for something by a small request then asking for a larger request. Starting with a small request will make it easier to make a larger request.
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-door in the face
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When they hit you with a really big request. Ex. They ask you donate with $500. You disagree and then you are asked to donate $5 dollars. You agree to donate $5.
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-that’s not all
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on infomercials. Or selling something by saying "it is on sale".
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-not so free sample
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Give free samples so it instigates the norm of reciprocation . Sort of like you scratch my my back you'll scratch mine. Taking a sample then you are obligated to buy something later.
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obedience (Milgram study)
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A change in behavior in response to the commands of others. an experiment conducted in which subjects were the teacher or the learner. Other ways groups influence the individual
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bystander effect
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The tendency of a person to help in an emergency if other people are looking you a less likely to do something to help the situation. The more people you have around
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pluralistic ignorance
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Occurs in an ambiguous situation. Ex. You are in a parking lot and you see a couple who are pushing each other. It could be that they are getting into a fight or it can be two people who are engaging in horseplay. Each person who is in the crowd assumes that everyone else has a different more informed opinion of what is going on.
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social loafing
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the tendency to work less hard when you share work with other people. Ex. If you are asked to give a round of applause. Not everyone will applause.
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group polarization
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when people have a similar opinion on an issue then they discuss the issue, the group as a whole moves the opinion even further to the extreme, they lean in a particular direction on the issue. When nearly All people lean in the same direction on a particular issue. Group discussion moves the group even further in that direction.
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What is intelligence?
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varies according to the characteristics and skills valued in that culture. Psychologists do not agree on a definition
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Spearman’s psychometric approach
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the g factor. Proposed that intelligence is a single factor. General intelligence. (G=general intelligence) observed that separate tests of mental abilities had a tendency to correlate highly with one another (specific abilities= spatial, mechanical, logical, arithmetical). Said we use are specific abilities in addition to our general abilities.
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Fluid intelligence
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the ability to use reasoning and speed of information processing. The bad news is that this declines with age. You use your ___ intelligence every time you face a novel problem, something that you have no faced before.
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crystallized intelligence
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your knowledge and your skills gained through experience and education. Increases over life-span
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Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
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This theory accounts to why some people are stronger in some areas and weaker in others
Individual= Musical, bodily kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial, |
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IQ tests
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First developed in France to identify children who had intellectual deficits that would prevent them from succeeding in school.
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Norms
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standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person’s score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test.
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Reliability
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the property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure
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Validity
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the property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure
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Stanford-Binet (intelligence quotient)
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was French IQ was later translated to English
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Wechsler
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verbal score+ performance score= overall score
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Achievement test
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a test designed to determine a person’s level of knowledge
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aptitude test
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a test designed to predict a person’s ability in a particular area or line of work
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Are IQ tests culturally biased?
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Some are. there are tests that contain elements that discriminate because peoples’ experiences differ.
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Assimilation
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•When a child uses ______ a child applies old schema to new objects.
•Ex. When kids are babies they stick everything in their mouth. •Many of us begin riding a trickle, then apply the same method for |
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Accommodation
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•When you modify an old schema to fit a new object
• You know you have to peddle and keep your balance |
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Equilibration
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When assimilation and accommodation work together.
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