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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three kinds of learning
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classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning/modeling
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Pavlov's experiment
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This scientist observed that his dogs would salivate at the sight of food or the sound of rattling dishes, he realized that this salivation reflex was the result of learning.
CS: a tone CR: dog salivates after hearing the tone UR: dog salivates to food US: food |
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Extinction in classical & operant conditioning
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When the dog no longer needs to see the food to salivate, when the tone rings the dog salivates. The US is extinct.
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Generalization vs. Discrimination
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tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was origionally reinforced.
stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished |
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How fear & taste aversions are alike according to Seligman
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Humans who have suffered painful experiences that could neither avoid nor escape may also experience learned helplessness. Then, they may simply give up and react to disappointment in life by becoming inactive, withdrawn, and depressed.
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What recovering drug addicts should avoid.
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Disinhibitory effect
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Thorndike's Law of Effect
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consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.
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Reinforcer
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anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probablilty that it will occur
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The shaping process
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operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses
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Primary vs. Secondary reinforcers
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reinforcer that fufills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning
reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers. |
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Partial vs. Continuous reinforcement
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pattern of reinforcement in which some but not all correct responses are reinforced.
reinforcement that is administered after every desired or correct response; the most effective method of conditioning a new response |
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Schedules of reinforcement
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fixed ratio => reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses
variable-ratio => reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses, based on an average ratio fixed-interval => reinforcer is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed variable-interval => reinforcer is given after the first correct response that follows a varying time of nonreinforcement, based on an average time |
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Escape vs. Avoidance learning
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avoidance => learning to avoid events or conditions associated with aversive consequences or phobias
escape => learning to perform a behavior because it prevents or terminates an aversive event |
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Uses for operant conditioning procedures
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shape behavior of animals, biofeedback, behavior modification
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operant vs. classical conditioning
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operant => consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response
classical => an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another |
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Fear of snakes in humans and apes.
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biological predisposition
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Using food as "scapegoats"
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The researchers found that when an unusual or unfamiliar food becomes the "scapegoat", or target for a taste aversion, other foods in the patient's diet may be protected, and the patient wil continue to eat them regularly.
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