Psy Test 2

Front 1

Three kinds of learning

Back 1

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning/modeling

Front 2

Pavlov's experiment

Back 2

This scientist observed that his dogs would salivate at the sight of food or the sound of rattling dishes, he realized that this salivation reflex was the result of learning.
CS: a tone
CR: dog salivates after hearing the tone
UR: dog salivates to food
US: food

Front 3

Extinction in classical & operant conditioning

Back 3

When the dog no longer needs to see the food to salivate, when the tone rings the dog salivates. The US is extinct.

Front 4

Generalization vs. Discrimination

Back 4

tendency to make the learned response to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was origionally reinforced.

stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished

Front 5

How fear & taste aversions are alike according to Seligman

Back 5

Humans who have suffered painful experiences that could neither avoid nor escape may also experience learned helplessness. Then, they may simply give up and react to disappointment in life by becoming inactive, withdrawn, and depressed.

Front 6

What recovering drug addicts should avoid.

Back 6

Disinhibitory effect

Front 7

Thorndike's Law of Effect

Back 7

consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.

Front 8

Reinforcer

Back 8

anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probablilty that it will occur

Front 9

The shaping process

Back 9

operant conditioning technique that consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses

Front 10

Primary vs. Secondary reinforcers

Back 10

reinforcer that fufills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning

reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers.

Front 11

Partial vs. Continuous reinforcement

Back 11

pattern of reinforcement in which some but not all correct responses are reinforced.

reinforcement that is administered after every desired or correct response; the most effective method of conditioning a new response

Front 12

Schedules of reinforcement

Back 12

fixed ratio => reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses

variable-ratio => reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses, based on an average ratio

fixed-interval => reinforcer is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed

variable-interval => reinforcer is given after the first correct response that follows a varying time of nonreinforcement, based on an average time

Front 13

Escape vs. Avoidance learning

Back 13

avoidance => learning to avoid events or conditions associated with aversive consequences or phobias

escape => learning to perform a behavior because it prevents or terminates an aversive event

Front 14

Uses for operant conditioning procedures

Back 14

shape behavior of animals, biofeedback, behavior modification

Front 15

operant vs. classical conditioning

Back 15

operant => consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response

classical => an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another

Front 16

Fear of snakes in humans and apes.

Back 16

biological predisposition

Front 17

Using food as "scapegoats"

Back 17

The researchers found that when an unusual or unfamiliar food becomes the "scapegoat", or target for a taste aversion, other foods in the patient's diet may be protected, and the patient wil continue to eat them regularly.