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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clinical
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ppl hear alot ab, big branch, deals w/ ppl with mental disorders
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Cognitive
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deals with learning and memory
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Comparative
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work w/ humans and animals
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Counseling
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deals w/ adjustment problems
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Development
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deal w/ development across the life span
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Educational
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found in school education and work
closely with cognitive psyh's work to improve education |
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Consumer
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ab marketing, getting ppl to buy stuff
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Health
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work on health problems and the spread of disease
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Industrial and Organizational
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ab improving workplace effectiveness
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Personality
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study theory of personalities
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Nueroscience
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study all areas of psy
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School
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work in schools to prevent bad
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Social
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study things that effect ppl. Experimental
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Sports
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work w/ athletes
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Psychology
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the study of emotion, behavior, and cognition
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Theory
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A broad statement
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Science is ab
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Finding regularities and identifying causation
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Replicable
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Guard against spurios relationships
Let others look for alternative explanations |
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Basic Model of an Experiment
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A theory
Sample from population Randomly assign to control or experimental |
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Ethics: Informed
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Participants must get info about the research before participating
Participants have the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw at anytime |
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Ethics and Experiment: Minimal Risk
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Participants should not be exposed to risks greater than those encountered in everyday life
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E and E: Debriefing
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Participants should be told the purpose of the experiment after it ends
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E and E: Institutional Review Board (IRB)
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Reviews all projects before starting for ethics and appropriateness
Consists of scientists and memebrs of the public |
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Hypotheses
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Derived from theories and test against observations
Can be causal or relational |
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Control Experience
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allows for untangling of caustion
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Nuerons
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cells that send/receive info
millions per cm^3 |
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Blood vessels
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"food for thought"
carries nutrients to brain |
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Support cells
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Glial cells- provide structure and nutrition
Myelin- fatty cells around axons |
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Synaptic cleft
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connection b/w axon terminals and other axon's dendrites
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Neuronal conduction
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sending messages
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Electrochemical process
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Electrical-action potential(in the cell)
Chemial- neurotransmitters(b/w cells) |
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Mind-altering drugs
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Affect neurotransmitters
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LSD
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mimics neurotransmitters, therefore blocks serotonin (important all over cortex)
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Cocaine
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blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine
leading to overabundance |
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Alcohol
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Affects many different neurotransmitters:
GABA Norepenephrine Dopamine Acetylcholine Endorphins Increases size of brain ventricles |
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Four Lobes of Cortex
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Frontal Lobe
Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe |
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Frontal Lobe
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Executive Center
In charge of: Control, Planning, Attention, and Motor Last part to develop and 1st to go in elderly ppl. Continues to develop into ur 20's |
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Occipital Lobe
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Controls Vision
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Temporal Lobe
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Language, Memory, Comparing Sensory Input
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Parietal Lobe
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Sensation, Perception, Navigation
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Hippocampus
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Memory
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Amygdala
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emotion, behavior regulation
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Hypothalamus
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pleasure, basic drives
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Study animals
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Damage or drug brain parts, test behavior
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Neurosurgery
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Brain damaged patients ("Lesion studies")
Dead brains |
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Neuroimaging
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fMRI
PET CT |
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Brodmann's Map
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Studied "cytoarchitecture"
Assigned numbers to each similar-seeming region |
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CT Scan
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Pronounced Cat Scan
Uses X-rays Not very detailed Good for spotting major damage |
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ERP/EEG
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Reads electrical impulses through the skull
Good temporal resolution (know when things happened) Bad spatial resolution (don't know WHERE) |
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fMRI
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Uses big magnets Detects oxygen in blood More blood to area, more oxygen Great spatial resolution, poor temporal Method: Compare resting to acting |
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Neurogenetics
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idea - was to find the gene for some disorders and personality factors
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MAOA
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MAOA-L and MAOA-H are two versions of the gene
MAOA-L can lead to aggressive behavior MAOA-L: weak impulse control MAOA-H: good impulse control |
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Sensation
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is encoding into the nervous system
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Perception
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is understanding what's sensed
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Pupil
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Lets light in eye
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Lens
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Changes shape to let us focus
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Retina
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Where we detect light and preprocess it for the brain
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Fovea
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Center of retina
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Cones and Color Vision
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Retina divides labor b/w 2 types of cells:
Rods and Cones |
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Rods
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Adapted for dim light
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Cones
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color
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Night Vision
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Cones are in fovea (center of retina)
No color at the edge of vision No colors at night (too dark) |
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Three types of Cones
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for:
long wavelength short medium |
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Color Blindness
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Most common is type 1
No long-wavelength cones Red and Green |
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Tests for color blindness
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Ishihara Test
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Flag demo
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Creates after images
Cones can be fatigued by repeated firing |
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Hubel and Wiesel
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1968
Opened cat skulls and monkey skulls in live animals Attached electrodes to neurons in visual cortex Specific cells respond to specific features |
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Higher-order influences
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Knowledge and context are important
suitcase in airport vs. forest |
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Size and Depth Perception
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Clue 1: size of image on retina
Clue 2: Retinal disparity- Phase shift b/w your two eyes Clue 3: Motion Parallax- Far away things move by slower than nearby thigns |
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Classic Depth/Size Illusions
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Ponzo Illusion
Müller-Lyer Illusion |
