Psy-Soc

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culture

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concept which encompasses various characteristics of a specific group of people

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socialization

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lifelong process which begins at birth, involving a series of daily interactions between parent and child that transmits values, beliefs and practices of a culture

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BP&P definition of cross-cultural psychology

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the systematic study of relationships between the cultural context of human development and the behaviors that become established in the repertoire of individuals growing up in a particular culture

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functional culture (Azuma)

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cultures are more fluid than they once were due to increased influence from other cultures

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other relevant social sciences

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anthropology and sociology

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three goals of cross-cultural psychology

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- testing and extending the generalizability of existing theories and findings
- exploring other cultures in order to discover variations in behavior that may not be a part of one's own cultural experience
- integrating findings in such a way as to generate a more universal psychology applicable to a wider range of cultural settings and societies

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three benefits to using a cross-cultural perspective

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- compels researchers to reflect on the ways in which their cultural beliefs and values affect the development of their theories and research designs
- increased number of IVs and DVs
- helps separate emics from etics

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ethnocentrism

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using one's own culture as a basis of comparison for all cultures

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emics

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culture specific concepts studied from within culture

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etics

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universal concepts studied from outside culture

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unit of analysis in Super and Harkess' developmental niche

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the child

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traditional theories

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- focuses on individual and internal cognitive processes
- Piaget, Kohlberg & Erikson

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interactionist theories

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- focuses on interaction between individual and environment
- Bronfenbrenner, Vygotsky, Super and Harkness

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Bronfenbrenner's ecological model

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- microsystem: activities and interactions in person's immediate surroundings
- mesosystem: connections and interactions among microsystems
- exosystem: indirect influences on individual
- macrosystem: overarching ideology that dictates how children should be treated, what they should be taught, and goals they should strive for
- chronosystem: temporal dimension, age of child

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Super and Harkness's developmental niche

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- physical and social settings of daily life: environmental factors
- customs of child care and rearing: sleeping, eating, play and work
- psychology of caretaker: parenting styles, family values, cultural beliefs

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Somalia developmental niche components

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- culture's economic and health problems, clan structure, religious impact on play and work
- infant eventually distanced from mother and cared for by others
- mother's focus on physical health, obedience, resourcefulness, helpfulness and hard work

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Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

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- infancy (sensorimotor): object permanence
- early childhood (preoperational): egocentric thinking, use of symbols
- middle childhood (concrete operations): conservation
- adolescence (formal operations): abstract thinking

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criticisms of Piaget's theory

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- more reflective of individualistic societies rather than collectivist
- underestimates ages at which children can learn and perform behaviors
- competencies mastered at a certain level not necessarily exhibited in other phases of individual's thinking

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zone of proximal development

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difference between what the child can achieve on his own and the potential level of development if offered guidance

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scaffolding

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adjust support offered during learning sessions to fit child's current level of performance

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Erikson's psychosocial theory

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- infancy (trust v. mistrust): child develops bond with primary caretaker
- toddlerhood (autonomy v. guilt and shame): recognize self as individual being
- young childhood (initiative v. guilt): develops sense of impact in social relationships
- mid childhood (industry v. inferiority): develops sense of competence, social norms
- adolescence (identity v. role confusion): develops sense of identity
- young adulthood (intimacy v. isolation): negotiate identity in intimate relationships
- mid adulthood (generativity v. stagnation): acquire sense of accomplishment and place in the world
- late adulthood (ego integrity v. despair): come to terms with life choices

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Kohlberg's moral development theory

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- punishment and obedience: obeys rules to avoid punishment
- instrumental: obeys rules to receive rewards
- good-child: conforms to rules to avoid disapproval
- law and order: conforms to rules to maintain social order
- morality of contract, individual rights and democratically accepted law: accepts and follows laws for welfare of community
- morality of individual principles and conscience: believes and follows self-chosen universal ethical principles

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criticisms of Kohlberg's theory

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- sex-biased, based on males
- culturally biased, based on western philosophy

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bottom up approach

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phenomenon is studied across cultures to develop and refine theories about it

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top down approach

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theory is formed, then aspects of culture is incorporated to test limitations and broaden domain

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natives

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- emphasis on culture and methodology
- interested in influence of cultural differences

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sojourners

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- make brief, sporadic excursions into research
- interested in psychological differences and generalization studies

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socialization

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process by which an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values, beliefs, and other behaviors in order to function within it

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guided participation v. zone of proximal development

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draws attention to the opportunity to learn through participation, not just formal learning and scaffolding

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microsystems in Japanese culture

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grandparents, neighborhood, nursery school

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cultural influences on math achievement in Asian v. American cultures

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informal learning styles found in Asian cultures focus on building interest and are more effective in teaching a variety of skills

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functional play

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simple, repetitive movements with or without an object

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constructive play

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physical manipulation of an object in order to construct or create something

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definition of obesity

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20% over recommended body weight

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landmark event of menstruation

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menarche

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cultural impact on menstruation

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more modernized Samoan girls reported more severe menstrual symptoms

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senescence

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process of biological change associated with normal aging

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis based off what question

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Do people who speak different languages experience the world differently?

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revision of hypothesis

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not necessarily the language we speak, but the way in which we speak about things

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dialectical thinking

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suggests that for every viewpoint, there is an opposing viewpoint which can be simultaneously considered

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fluid intelligence

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ability to form concepts, reason abstractly and apply material to new situations

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crystallized intelligence

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accumulated knowledge and experience in a particular culture