Psy Exam #1 Prologue-Ch.2

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Wilhelm Wundt

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"father of Psychology" Established 1st Psy research lab in Leipzig Germany in 1879

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B.F. Skinner

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Extreme Behaviorist. Believed that everything was cause/effect or stimulus/reaction. Voluntary behavior can be explained by studying behavior and Environment.

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William James

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Wrote "Principles Of Psychology" in 1890 and established "functionalism". 1st "School of Thought" in US. Wrote about "Self" ie. self-esteem, self-confidence

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E.B. Titchener

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Established "Structuralism", the FIRST formal school of psychology.

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Mary Calkins

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1st woman to complete phD program but was DENIED because she was a woman. 1st woman president of APA

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Sigmund Freud

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Wrote about "the unconscious" and sex and the importance of early childhood experiences. Created "Psychoanalysis" and was famous for Case Study's

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John Watson

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Behaviorist. Felt Psychology should be based on what can be SEEN and MEASURED, not thoughts.

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Charles Darwin

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"Natural Selection" "Survival of the fittest" We all evolved from previous life. Author of "On the Origin on Species"

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What are the current Perspectives in Psychology?

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Neuroscience, Evolutionary, Behavior Genetics, Psychodynamic, behavioral, Cognitive, Social-Cultural

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Neuroscience Perspective

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How the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences

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Evolutionary Perspective

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How the Natural Selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes

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Behavior Genetics Perspective

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How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

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Psychodynamic Perspective

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How behavior springs from unconscious drives, conflicts, early childhood experiences and interpersonal relationships.
*freud*

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Behavioral Perspective

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How we learn observable responses

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Cognitive Perspective

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How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

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Social-Cultural Perspective

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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

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Nature VS Nurture

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The study of heredity and environment on social development. The importance of an individuals natural/innate qualities vs personal experiences in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.

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Behavioralism

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psychology that studies the observable behavior, used animals, nurture (environment), not nature; Watson

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Biopsychosocial approach

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considers biological,
psychological, and social factors and their interactions and how they
effect health, illness, and health care delivery

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Basic research

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study and research on pure science that is meant to increase our scientific knowledge base.

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Applied research

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study and research that seeks to solve practical problems

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Humanistic Psychology

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began as a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism and focused on each individual's potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good, with mental and social problems resulting from deviations from this natural tendency.

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Introspection

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Contemplation of one's own thoughts, feelings, and sensations; self-examination.
*Titchener*

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What is Ethics?

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Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior.

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Informed Consent

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Agreement to participate in experiment, after being in full awareness of the nature of the experiment

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Deception

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Misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or events that will transpire.

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Debrief

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meeting between experimenter and subject after the experiment to make sure subject is unharmed and to disclose any pertinent information previously not divulged

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Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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committee designated to approve, monitor, and review research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects. All experiments have to meet criteria with Cost Benefit Analysis, Informed Consent, Deception must be justified and debriefing

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Hypothesis

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Testable Proposition

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Independent Variable (IV)

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Variable being manipulated/thing you change in experiment

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Dependent Variable (DV)

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Variable being measured/outcome of the experiment

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Experimental Group

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The "treatment present" group in an experiment. Ones being exposed to the variable (IV)

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Double-Blind

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designed to test the effect of a treatment or substance by using groups of experimental and control subjects in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know which treatment or substance is being administered to which group

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Case Study

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In depth observational study on ONE person over TIME

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Survey

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Cheap, easy way to reach mass audience for a representative sample of individuals is questioned.

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Naturalistic Observation

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Watching/observing in natural environment

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Positive Correlation

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2 variables change in the same direction. both go up or down

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Negative Correlation

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2 variables change in the opposite directions. one goes up an the other goes down.

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Correlation

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Relationship between 2 variables

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Scatterplot

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graph comprised of points that are generated by values of 2 variables. The slope

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Random Assignment

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each person has an equal chance of being selected to either group

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Correlations coefficient

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denotes the strength of a relationship between two variables; it ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer number is to +1 or -1, the more strongly the two variables are related

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Experiment

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procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact

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Experimenter Expectancy Effects

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researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment.

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Illusory Correlation

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perception of a relationship between two variables when only a minor or absolutely no relationship actually exists. We often mistakenly assume things are correlated when they are not

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Placebo

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substances with no known pharmacological value that are given to members of a control group in an experiment

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Population

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represents EVERYONE, every single last person that could be included in an experiment

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Operational Definition

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identifies one or more specific observable conditions or events and then tells the researcher how to measure that event

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Hindsight Bias

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the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they really are after the event.

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Normal Curve

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frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side. Also called bell shaped curves