Psy Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, And Iq

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Cognition

Back 1

refers to the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge

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Thinking

Back 2

manipulating mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions

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Mental Image

Back 3

representation of objects or events that are NOT physically present

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Concept

Back 4

a mental category of objects, events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics

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Formal Concept

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a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it

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natural concept

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category formed as a result of everyday experience

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prototype

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is the most typical instance of a particular concept

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exemplars

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stored memories of individual instances of a concept

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problem solving

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thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available

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Trial and Error

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involves trying a variety of solutions and eliminating those that do not work

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algorithms (guaranteed to work)

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step-by-step procedure

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heuristics (rule of thumb)

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reduce number of possible of solutions to a problem

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insight

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sudden realization of how a problem can be solved

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intuition

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coming to a conclusion or making a judgement without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved

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mental set

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tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past

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single feature model

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you base your decision on a single feature

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functional fixedness

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the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way

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additive model

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list of factors that are most important to you

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elimination of aspects model

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requires that you evaluate all alternatives one characteristic at a time

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availability heuristic

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how readily available other instances of the event are in memory

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representative heuristic

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how similar it is to our prototype

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belief-bias effect

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accepting only the evidence that conforms to their beliefs

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confirmation bias effect

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the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms our beliefs, while making little to no effort to disprove the belief

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fallacy of positive instances

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tendency to remember uncommon events that seem to confirm our beliefs and to forget events that disconfirm our beliefs

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overestimation effect

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overestimate the rarity of events

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Language

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a system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements, to communicate

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displacement

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the ability to communicate meaningfully about ideas and activities not physically present

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intelligence

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the use of mental images and concepts, problem solving and decision making

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alfred binet and theodore simon

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first to develop iq tests

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intelligence quotient (IQ)

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derived by mental age, chronological age, iq-comparison

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lewis terman

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revised the binet-simon iq test his revision was called the stanford-binet intelligence scale

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ww1 intelligence testing

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used to screen 2 million army recruits and administered as the alpha (writing) beta(orally) for those who could not read

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david wechsler

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wechsler intelligence scales, in 1955 wais for adults

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wppsi

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wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence ages 2-7

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wisc-IV

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children ages 6-16

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achievement tests

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designed to measure a persons level of knowledge skill or accomplishment in a particular area

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intelligence tests

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IQ tests designed to assess a persons capacity to benefit from education or training

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standardization

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administration of a test to a large representative sample of people under uniform conditions

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reliable

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consistent

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valid

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ability of a test to measure what it is intend to measure

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mild mr

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55-70

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moderate mr

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40-55

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severe mr

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25-40

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profound mr

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below 25

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achievement tests

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designed to measure what a child has learned

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discrepancy determination

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determined by a discrepancy or large differece between what a child scores on an iq test and the score on the achievement test