Psy Chapter 3

Front 1

Cerebral Cortex

Back 1

The outer, folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses.

Front 2

Axon

Back 2

A long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neroun

Front 3

Dentrite

Back 3

A branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neruon

Front 4

Synapse

Back 4

The gap between the dendrites of one neroun and the axon of another, over which the impulses flow

Front 5

Synaptogenisis

Back 5

Forming the connections between neurons at the synapse. This process is responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts. This is the most intense during infancy through childhood but continues throughout life

Front 6

Myelination

Back 6

Formation of a faatty layer encasing the axons of the neurons. This process speeds the transmission of the neural impulses, contuines from birth to early childhood

Front 7

Plastic

Back 7

Malleable, ir capable of being changed ( used to refer to neural or cognitive development)

Front 8

Sucking Reflex

Back 8

The automatic, spontaneous sucking movements newborns produce, especially when anything touches their lips

Front 9

Rooting reflex

Back 9

Newborns automatic response to a touch on the cheek, involving turing toward that location and begining to suck

Front 10

Reflex

Back 10

A respose or action that is automatic and programmed be non cortical brain centers

Front 11

Unernutrition

Back 11

A chronic lack of adequate food

Front 12

Stunning

Back 12

Excessively short stature in a child caused by a chronic lack of adequate nutrion

Front 13

Micronutrient Deficiency

Back 13

Chronically inadequate level of a specific nutrient important to development and disease prevention, such as vitamin A, Zinc, and iron.

Front 14

Food insecurity

Back 14

Worrying about not having enough food at the end of the month, or having to go hungry due to the lack of money

Front 15

Colic

Back 15

A baby's frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life; caused by an immature nervous system

Front 16

Swaddiling

Back 16

The standard Western infant calming technique of wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or other garment

Front 17

Kangaroo Care

Back 17

Carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregivers body. This technique is the most useful for soothing an infant

Front 18

Attachment Parenting

Back 18

A caring approach stressing the value of prolonged breast feeding continuous "skin to skin" contact, and other strategies designed to promote intense parent-child bonding during the early years of life.

Front 19

REM Sleep

Back 19

The phase of the sleep involving rapid eye movement, when the EEG looks almost like it does during waking. REM sleep decreases as an infant matures.

Front 20

Self- Soothing

Back 20

Children's ability, usually beginning at 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night

Front 21

Co-Sleeping

Back 21

The standard custom, in collectivist cultures, of having a child and parent share a bed

Front 22

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Back 22

The unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, often while sleeping, during the first year of their life

Front 23

Preferential- looking paradigm

Back 23

A research technique to explore early infant sensory capacities and cognition, drawing on the principle that we are attracted to novelty and prefer to look at new things

Front 24

Habitutation

Back 24

The predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar; used to explore infant sensory capacities and thinking

Front 25

Face-Perception Studies

Back 25

Research using preferential looking and habituation to explore what very young babies know about faces

Front 26

Depth Perception

Back 26

The ability to see (and fear) heights

Front 27

Visual Cliff

Back 27

A table appears to "end" in a drop-off at its midpoint used to test for infant depth perception

Front 28

Baby-Proofing

Back 28

Making to house safe for a newly mobile infant

Front 29

Sensorimotor stage

Back 29

Piagets first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to the age of 2, when babies agenda is to pin down the basis of physical reality

Front 30

Circular Reaction

Back 30

In piagets framework, repetitive action-oriented schemes (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage

Front 31

Primary Circular Reaction

Back 31

The infects first habits are centered on the body

Front 32

Secondary Circular Reaction

Back 32

Habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 months to baby first birthday, centered on exploring the external world

Front 33

Little-Scientist Phase

Back 33

The time around age 1 when infants use the territory circular reaction to actively explore the properties of the objects experimenting with them like "scientist"

Front 34

Means-end-behavior

Back 34

Performing a different action to get a goal- and ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1

Front 35

Object Permanence

Back 35

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them

Front 36

A-not-B error

Back 36

A classic mistake made by infants, whereby babies approaching the age of 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place

Front 37

Information-Processsing approach

Back 37

A perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes, much like a computer

Front 38

Social Cognition

Back 38

Any skill related to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions

Front 39

Grammer

Back 39

The rules and word- arranging systems that every human language employs to communicate meaning

Front 40

Lanuage acquisition device (LAD)

Back 40

Chomskys term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce launguae

Front 41

social-interactionist perspective

Back 41

Emphasizes its social function,specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate

Front 42

Babbling

Back 42

The alternative vowels and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch and that precede that first words

Front 43

Holophrase

Back 43

First clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought

Front 44

Telegraphic speech

Back 44

First stage of combing words in infancy, in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words

Front 45

Infant- directed speech (IDS)

Back 45

The simplified , exaggerated, high-pitched tines that adults and children speak to infants that function to help teach language