Psy Ch. 8 - Early Childhood: Biosocial Development

Front 1

myelination

Back 1

The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

Front 2

corpus callosum

Back 2

A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

Front 3

lateralization

Back 3

Literally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice-versa

Front 4

perseveration

Back 4

The tendency to [...] in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time

Front 5

amygdala

Back 5

A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety

Front 6

hippocampus

Back 6

A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

Front 7

hypothalamus

Back 7

A brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

Front 8

injury control/harm reduction

Back 8

Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities, these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place.

Front 9

primary prevention

Back 9

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse

Front 10

secondary prevention

Back 10

Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian

Front 11

tertiary prevention

Back 11

Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness or injury) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability

Front 12

child maltreatment

Back 12

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age

Front 13

child abuse

Back 13

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

Front 14

child neglect

Back 14

Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

Front 15

reported maltreatment

Back 15

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities

Front 16

substantiated maltreatment

Back 16

Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified

Front 17

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 17

An anxiety disorder that develops as a delayed reaction to having experienced or witnessed a profoundly shocking or frightening event, such as rape, severe beating, war, or natural disaster. Its symptoms may include flashbacks to the event, hyperactivity and hypervigilance, displaced anger, sleeplessness, nightmares, sudden terror or anxiety, and confusion between fantasy and reality

Front 18

permanency planning

Back 18

An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to a child.

Front 19

foster care

Back 19

A legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child's needs

Front 20

kinship care

Back 20

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver

Front 21

adoption

Back 21

A legal proceeding in which an adult or couple unrelated to a child is granted the joys and obligations of being that child's parent(s)