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70 Cards in this Set
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What is Schneidman's definition of suicide? |
An intentioned death --> A self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one's life |
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What are Schneidman's 4 types of suicide seekers? |
1. Death Seekers --> Clearly intend to end their lives 2. Death Initiators --> Intend to end their lives because they believe that the process of death is already underway (ex: terminal) 3. Death Ignorers --> Do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence (ex: religious beliefs) 4. Death Darers --> Have ambivalent feelings about death and show this in the act itself (ex: take a lot of pills and call the cops right after because they changed their mind) |
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What is a "Subintentional Death" according to Schneidman? |
When individuals play indirect, hidden,partial, or unconscious roles in their own deaths. |
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How is suicide studied? |
Major Obstacle: Suicide researchers' subjects are no longer alive 1. Retrospective Analysis --> Psychological autopsy, studying people who survive their suicide attempts |
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What are rates of suicide according to ethnic background? |
Suicide is more prevalant in other countries when related to religious devoutness (not just affiliation). 1. Rate of suicide of white Americans is almost twice as high as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, or Asian Americans 2. Exception --> 1.5 times the national average --> suicide rate for Native Americans |
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Triggers and risk factors for suicide? |
1. Stressful events (social isolation, serious illness, abusive environments, and occupational stress) 2. Mood and thought changes (anxiety, tension, frustration, anger, shame, "psycheache") 3. Alcohol and other drug use (70% drink alcohol before suicide) 4. Mental disorders 5. Modeling (family/friend, media) |
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What is modeling in suicide? |
Not unusual, especially for teenagers, to try to commit suicide after observing or reading about someone who has done so Biggest risks: Family members, friends, celebrities, co-workers, and other highly publicized suicides Bizarre or unusual stories of suicide reach the media and sometimes elicit similar suicides due to intense coverage by the news |
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What are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa? |
1. A refusal to maintain more than 85% of normal body weight 2. Intense fears of becoming overweight 3. Distorted view of weight and sape 4. Amenorrhea |
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What are the two main subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa? |
1. Restricting Type --> Lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food and show almost no variability in diet 2. Binge Eating/Purging Type --> Lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics and is similar to Bulimia Nervosa because they may engage in eating binges |
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What are the consequences of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa? |
1. Most recover...but 2-6% become seriously ill and die 2. Displayed with Eating Disorders --> Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, insomnia, substance abuce, OC patterns, and perfectionism 3. Caused by starvation --> Amenorrhea, low body temperature, low blood pressure, body swelling, reduced bone density, slow heart rate, metabolic and electrolyte imbalances, dry skin and brittle nails, poor circulation, and lanugo. Vomiting --> Teeth and throat problems, nail and teeth discoloration |
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What are the symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa? |
1. Bouts of uncontrollable eating --> Repeated binge eating episodes (can have 1-30 binages a week in secret from 1k -10k calories) 2. Repeated behaviors such as forced vomiting or misusing laxatives to prevent weight gain 3. Symptoms must take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of onself |
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What are the two subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa? |
1. Purging-Type Bulimia Nervosa --> Forced vomiting and misusing laxatives 2. Nonpurging-Type Bulimia Nervosa --> Fasting and exercising frantically |
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What is the gender pattern with eating disorders? |
Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa --> About 90-95% cases occur in females and peak age of onset is 15-21 years of age |
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What are the similarities between Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa? |
1. Begins after a period of dieting 2. Fear of becoming obese 3. Drive to become thin 4. Preoccupation with food, weight, appearance 5. Feelings of anxiety, depression, obsessiveness, perfectionism 6. Heightened risk of suicide attempts 7. Substance abuse 8. Distorted body perception 9. Disturbed attitudes toward eating |
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What are the differences between Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa? |
1. Those with Bulimia are more concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships 2. Those with Bulimia tend to be more sexually experienced and active 3. Those with Bulimia are more likely to have histories of mood swings, low frustration tolerance, and poor coping 4. More than 1/3 of people with Bulimia display characteristics of a personality disorder, particularly Borderline Personality Disorder Medical differences: 1. Only half of women with Bulimia experience amenorrhea vs. almost all women with anorexia do 2. People with Bulimia suffer damage caused by purging, especially from vomiting and laxatives |
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What are the symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder? |
1. Repeated binge-eating episodes 2. Binge eating must include three of these: Unusually fast eating, absence of hunger, uncomfortable fullness, secret eating due to feelings of shame, and subsequent feelings of self disgust, depression, or severe guilt 3. Significant distress 4. Must binge at least weekly over the course of 3 months 5. Absence of excessive compensatory behaviors (Consequences: 2/3 of people with this become overweight or obese) |
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What is tolerance? |
The adjustment that the brain and the body make to the regular use of certain drugs so that ever larger doses are needed to achieve the earlier effects |
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What is withdrawal? |
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug |
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What is a Depressant? |
1. Substances that slow the activity of the central nervous system 2. Reduce tensions and inhibitions 3. May interfere with judgement, motor activity, and concentration |
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What are the three most widely used depressants? |
1. Alcohol 2. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs 3. Opioids |
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How does alcohol work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. Ethyl alcohol is absorbed through stomach lining into blood stream and blocks messages between neurons (GABA) and relaxes the drinker 2. BAC: 0.06-0.09 relaxation and intoxiaction --> BAC: 0.55 death 3. Liver metabolizes alcohol 25% of an ounce per hour Disorder: 1. People rely on alcohol in large amounts to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious Dependence: 1. Build up a physiological tolerance and need more to feel effects and can experience withdrawal and vomiting when they stop --> Delirium Tremens (alcohol withdrawal can be fatal) |
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What are Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs? |
Produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness Low doses cause calming effect and high doses cause sleep or hypnotic effects 2 types: 1. Barbiturates 2. Benzodiazepines |
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How do Barbiturates work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. Used to fight anxiety and to help people sleep, can cause problems such as abuse, dependence, and overdose 2. Work with GABA to inhibit and relax but at too high of a level it can halt breathing, lower blood pressure, and can lead to coma and death 3. The greatest danger --> Dependence on this is risky because the lethal dose of the drug remains the same, even while the body is building a tolerance for the sedative effects --> withdrawal can cause convulsions |
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How do Benzodiazepines work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. Used to relieve anxiety without causing drowsiness --> Xanax, Ativan, Valium 2. Binds to GABA receptors, less likely to slow breathing and lead to death by overdose |
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What are Opioids? |
Includes both natural (Opium, Heroin, Morphine, Codeine) and synthetic (Methadone) compounds and is known collectively as "narcotics" Each drug has a different strength, speed of action, and tolerance level |
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How do Opioids work and what happens when you abuse Heroin? |
1. Narcotics are smoked, inhaled, or injected (skin or bloodstream) 2. Causes a spasm of warmth and ecstasy sometimes compared with an orgasm, followed by several hours of pleasurable feelings 3. Binds to receptors that receive endorphins (pain relief and releasing emotional tension) Abuse/Dependence: 1. Nausea, narrowing of pupils, constipation 2. Heroin Withdrawal --> Anxiety, restlessness, twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss from dehydration Dangers: 1. Overdose --> Drug closes respiratory center, paralyzing breathing and causing death (especially in sleep) 2. Ignorance of tolerance 3. Impure drugs, dirty needles |
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What is a stimulant? |
1. Substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system 2. Causes increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness 3. Causes rapid behavior and thinking |
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What are the four most common stimulants? |
1. Cocaine 2. Amphetamines 3. Caffeine 4. Nicotine |
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How does Cocaine work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. Most powerful natural stimulant known --> causes a euphoric rush of well-being by producing Dopamine (and also Norepinephrine and Serotonin) 2. High doses of Cocaine --> Cocaine intoxication = mania, paranoia, impaired judgement, hallucinations, delusions (cocaine-induced psychotic disorder) 3. "Crashing" --> Depression-like letdown 4. More common know because of the cheap version "crack" Dangers: 1. Overdose --> depresses respiratory funtion and stops breathing, heart failure, and miscarriage/abnormalities for doing it while pregnant |
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How do Amphetamines work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. Stimulant drugs manufactured in the lab in pill form (can be injected or smoked) 2. Similar to cocaine because it increases energy, alertness, reduces appetite, and in high doses produces a rush, intoxication, or psychosis with also a "crash" (Meth) |
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How does Caffeine work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. World's most commonly used stimulant - 80% of world daily 2. Releases Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine --> peak concentration reached within one hour of ingestion 3. Caffeine intoxication, seizures, respiratory failure at doses greater than 10 grams of caffeine (100 cups of coffee) 4. Withdrawal --> Headaches, depression, anxiety, fatigue 5. Correlations between caffeine and heart rhythm irregularities, high cholesterol levels, and risk of heart attacks, and miscarriages |
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What is the difference between Hallucinogens and Cannabis substances? |
Hallucinogens --> Produce delusions, hallucinations, and other sensory changes Cannabis --> Produces sensory changes, but have both depressant and stimulant effects |
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What are the two types of hallucinogens? |
1. Natural Hallucinogens --> Mescaline, Psilocybin 2. Laboratory-Produced Hallucinogens --> LSD. MDMA (ecstasy) |
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How does LSD work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. LSD is most powerful --> Hallucinogen Intoxication = Increased and altered sensory perception and hallucinations that wears off in about six hours 2. LSD binds to Serotonin receptors, related to emotions and visual information 3. Tolerance and withdrawal are rare but the drug still poses dangers --> Bad trips, flashbacks |
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How does Cannabis work and what happens when you abuse it? |
1. Drug is produced from varieties of the hemo plant --> Forms it comes in are Hashish or buds and leaves of Marijuana 2. Active ingredient is THC --> causes hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects 3. Low doses --> Relaxation and joy, may become anxious, suspicious, or irritated High Doses --> Odd visual experiences, changes in body image, and hallucinations 4. Effects last 2-6 hours, with mood changes continuing longer sometimes Dependence/Abuse: 1. Once thought to not cause abuse or dependence, but is being reevaluated now that marijuana has become more potent since the 70's 2. May cause panic, can cause accidents because of sensorimotor effects, poor concentration and memory, respiratory problems, lung cancer, and may affect reproduction with long term use |
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What is an Antagonistic Effect? |
When you take two drugs that have opposite (antagonistic) effects --> such as cocaine with alcohol May build up lethal levels of the drugs because of metabolic issues (stimulants can impede liver's processing of alcohol and other depressants) |
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What is Psychosis? |
1. State defined by a loss of contact with reality 2. Ability to perceive and respond to the environment is significantly disturbed; functioning is impaired 3. Symptoms may include hallucinations (false sensory perceptions) and/or delusions (false beliefs) 4. Can be substance-induced or caused by brain injury, but most just appears alongside Schizophrenia |
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What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
1. For 1 month the individual must experience two or more of the following --> Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, very abnormal motor activity, catatonia, and negative symptoms 2. One of the two must be either delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech 3. Individual functions more poorly in various life spheres than they did prior to the symptoms 4. Needs to experience 1 month of these severe symptoms and at least 5 months of other impaired functioning |
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What are the three main categories of symptoms for Schizophrenia? |
1. Positive Symptoms 2. Negative Symptoms 3. Psychomotor Symptoms |
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What are the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
1. Delusions --> Faulty interpretations of reality: Being controlled by others, persecution, reference, grandeur, control 2. Disordered thinking and speech --> Loose associations (derailment, cant follow story), neologisms (made up words), perseverations (repeating words/statements),and clang (rhymes) 3. Heightened Perceptions --> Feel flooded by sights and sounds, making it impossible to attend to anything important 4. Hallucinations --> Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli, most common are auditory 5. Inappropriate Affect --> Emotions that are unsuited for the situation |
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What are the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
1. Poverty of speech (Alogia) --> Reduction of quantity of speech or speech content, may also say quite a bit but convey little meaning 2. Blunted and flat affect --> Show less emotion than most people, avoidance of eye contact, immobile and expressionless face, monotone voice, low and difficult to hear, and anhedonia 3. Loss of volition (Motivation) --> Drained of energy, loss of interest in normal goals, ambivalence, inability to start or follow through on a course of action 4. Social Withdrawal --> Tend only to their own ideas and fantasies, leads to breakdown of social skills, inability to recognize other people's needs and emotions |
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What are the three phases of Schizophrenia? |
1. Prodromal --> Beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms 2. Active --> Symptoms become apparent 3. Residual --> A return to prodromal-like levels |
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What is the difference between Type I and Type II Schizophrenia? |
1. Type I --> Dominated by positive symptoms - Seem to have better adjustment prior to disorder, later onset of symptoms, and greater likelihood of improvement - May be linked more closely to biochemical abnormalities in the brain 2. Type II --> Dominated by negative symptoms - Tied largely to structural abnormalities in the brain |
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What is the "Downward Drift" Theory? |
Theorists argue that Schizophrenia causes victims from higher social levels to fall to lower social levels and remain at lower levels |
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What are the chances for a full recovery process for Schizophrenia? |
1. Only 1/4 pf patients recover --> 3/4 have residual problems 2. A fuller recovery is more likely in people with good premorbid functioning, with abrupt onsent, with later onset, with receiving early treatment, and whose disorder was triggered by stress |
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How does being high in "expressed emotions" negatively impact someone recovering from Schizophrenia? |
These family members frequently express criticism and hostility, and intrude on each other's privacy --> 4 times more likely to relapse if Schizophrenic's live with this type of family |
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How was Institutionalization used for treating Schizophrenia? |
1. For more than half of the 20th century, people were institutionalized in public mental hospitals because they failed to respond to traditional therapies --> were given food, shelter, clothing, but were restrained 2. Started as part of the Moral Treatment Movement but when they became overcrowded and understaffed, it became awful 3. Most failed to improve and many gained additional symptoms |
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What is the Social Breakdown Syndrome? |
Most common pattern of decline for Schizophrenia --> Involved extreme withdrawal, anger, physical aggressiveness, and loss of interest in personal appearance and functioning |
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What were two approaches that brought hope to institutionalized patients for Schizophrenia? |
1. Milieu Therapy --> Based on humanistic principles (promotes productive activity, self-respect, individual responsibility) 2. Token Economies --> Based on behavioral principles (rewarded with privileges for good behavior and not rewarded for bad behavior) These helped improve personal care and self-image of patients in the 1950's |
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What antipsychotic treats Schizophrenia and how does it help? |
Thorazine 1. Drugs produce maximum level of improvement within first six months --> symptoms will return if patient stops taking it too soon 2. Reduce positive symptoms 3. Most don't like the effects of the drug |
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What are Extrapyramidal Side Effects? |
Effects that appear to be caused by the drugs' impact on the extrapyramidal areas of the brain For Schizophrenia, it is severe movement problems very similar to Parkinsonian symptoms (muscle tremor, bizarre movements of face, neck, tongue, back, and agitation or restlessness in limbs) --> Can take anti-Parkinsonian drug |
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What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome? |
Severe, potentially fatal reaction Symptoms: Muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and improper functioning of the autonomic nervous system |
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What are the five main types of recovery treatments for Schizophrenia? |
1. Thorazine or other antipsychotic drug 2. CBT 3. Family Therapy 4. Social Therapy 5. Community Care --> Short term hospitalization, partial hospitalization, outpatient care, supervised residences, occupational training, etc |
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What are thee three clusters of personality disorders? |
1. Odd, or eccentric behavior 2. Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior 3. Anxious or fearful behavior |
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What are the three personality disorders in the Odd or Eccentric Behavior cluster? |
1. Paranoid 2. Schizoid 3. Schizotypal |
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What are the four personality disorders in the Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Behavior cluster? |
1. Antisocial 2. Borderline 3. Narcissistic 4. Histrionic |
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What are the three personality disorders in the Anxious or Fearful Behavior cluster? |
1. Avoidant 2. Dependent 3. Obsessive Compulsive |
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How are "Odd" personality disorders explained? |
1. Similar symptoms but not as extensive as Schizophrenia 2. Extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and peculiar ways of thinking and perceiving things 3. These behaviors leave the person feeling isolated |
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What are symptoms and treatments of Paranoid Personality Disorder? |
1. Although inaccurate, ideas are not delusional, the person is still in contact with reality 2. Due to mistrust, people often remain cold and distant 3. Few come to treatment willingly, and most distrust or rebel with their therapists 4. As a result, therapy is limited and moves slowly --> CBT, drug therapy is of limited help |
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What are the symptoms and treatments of Schizoid Personality Disorder? |
1. Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationship and limited emotional expression 2. Live alone, often seen as flat and cold 3. Treatment is limited because extreme social withdrawal keeps people from entering therapy and when they do go they are distant from the therapist 4. CBT helps and group therapy helps but drug therapy is of little benefit |
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What are the symptoms and treatments of Schizotypal Personality Disorder? |
1. Characterized by a range of interpersonal problems, marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities (tin foil hats) 2. Great difficulty keeping attention focused, conversation is digressive and vague, with loose associations 3. CBT helps and Antipsychotics help reduce certain thought problems |
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How are "Dramatic" personality disorders explained? |
1. Behaviors of people with these disorders are so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that is it almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying 2. Causes of disorders are not well understood and treatment is moderately effective to ineffective completely |
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What are the symptoms and treatments of Antisocial Personality Disorder? |
1. Sometimes described as "psychopaths" or "sociopaths", they persistently disregard and violate others' rights 2. Must be 18 to receive diagnosis 3. Likely to lie repeatedly, be reckless, and impulsive 4. Little regard for other individuals, cruel, no empathy, sadistic, aggressive, and violent 5. Treatment is ineffective --> individual lack of conscience or desire to change 6. Cognitive therapy sometimes helps, still awaiting study results for Atypical Antipsychotic drugs |
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What are the symptoms and treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder? |
1. Display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity 2. Interpersonal relationships are also unstable 3. Prone to bouts of anger, sometimes resulting in physical aggression and violence (sometimes directed inward too, self harm) 4. Alcohol and substance abuse, reckless behavior (driving, sex), self injury, and suicidal actions and threats can all be included 5. Psychotherapy can lead to some improvement, but it is extremely difficult to empathize with a person's anger without challenging their way of thinking 6. Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapy and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy also show support for helping 7. Antidepressants, Antibipolar, Antianxiety, and Antipsychotics have been given to calm emotional and aggressive storms |
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What are the symptoms and treatments for Histrionic Personality Disorder? |
1. Extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention 2. Engage in attention-getting behaviors and are always "on stage" --> Need approval and praise 3. Described as vain, self-centered, and demanding --> Can even make suicide attempts to manipulate others 4. Cognitive Therapy and Psychodynamic Therapy helps them deal with their belief of helpessness, dependency, and ways of thinking and solving problems 5. Drug therapy isn't effective unless it helps relieve some depression patients face |
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What are the symptoms and treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder? |
1. Generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others 2. Exaggerate their achievements and talents, often appear arrogant 3. Many take advantage of others, even their therapist during treatment into supporting their sense of superiority 4. For this reason, no major treatment approaches have had much success |
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How are "Anxious" personality disorders explained? |
1. Typically display anxious and fearful behavior 2. Although similar to anxiety and depression, there are no direct links between this cluster and Axis I diagnoses 3. Treatment is better for this cluster than either of the other two |
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What are the symptoms and treatments for Avoidant Personality Disorder? |
1. Similar to social phobia, and many people with one disorder experience the other 2. Fear of humiliation and low self-confidence 3. Tend to fear close social relationships 4. CBT, group therapy, and antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are helpful 5. Therapist must first gain trust of patient --> who usually comes to therapy seeking acceptance and affection |
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What are the symptoms and treatments of Dependent Personality Disorder? |
1. Have a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of 2. Clinging and obedient, fearing separation from their loved ones, relying so much they cannot even make the smallest decision for themselves 3. Feel distress, lonely, sad, often dislike themselves --> At risk for depression, anxiety, eating disorders, suicidal thoughts 4. Patient puts treatment in clinician's hands --> helps patient grow to be responsible for their own actions 5. Psychodynamic Therapy, CBT, Antidepressant for depression, and Group Therapy (for peer support), and most importantly Family Therapy |
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What are the symptoms and treatments of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder? |
1. Preoccupied with order, perfection, and control to the point they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency 2. Set unreasonably high standards for themselves and others and may be afraid to make decisions for fear of making a mistake 3. Tend to be rigid and stubborn and have trouble expressing affection 4. Relationships tend to be stiff and superficial 5. Most don't believe there is anything wrong with them --> won't seek treatment unless for an accompanying symptom like depression or anxiety 6. Responds well to Psychodynamic or Cognitive Therapy and there is reported success with SSRI's |
