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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis |
a system that maintains levels of a product between upper and lower limits. |
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Set point. |
the optimum value that is between the upper and lower limits. The desired value, for example, temperature. |
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__________ is the process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change.
**Hint: this is an adaptive way in which the body changes the set point in response to changes in life or environment. |
Allostasis |
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Basal metabolismm |
the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest. |
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Those males who abuse steroids, their testes will _______. |
shrink. Due to homeostasis. |
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What is tonicity? |
it is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. |
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Hypertonic solution |
one with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell. Osmotic flow out of the cell, the cell shrinks. |
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Hypotonic solution |
one with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell. Osmotic flow into the cell, the cell will expand/swell. |
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Isotonic solution |
equal concentration inside and outside the cell. In this case, the cell neither swells nor shrinks. |
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Usual tonicity of the body fluids is ________ (in percentage) NaCl. |
0.9% |
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Fluid distribution in the human body |
Intracellular fluid: 67%
Interstitial fluid: 26%
Blood plasma: 7% |
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Why not enough salt intake means no brain function? (in brief) |
Not enough salt intake>> no salt in the body>> no action potential>> no brain function. |
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Osmosis |
water moves from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration. |
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In osmosis, there is salt and water. Which of these can get through the semi-permeable membrane and which cannot? |
Salt cannot get through the semi-permeable membrane, while water can. |
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Osmotic thirst |
day to day regulation of the body fluid homeostasis. |
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Hypovolemic thirst |
a thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to excessive vomiting, heavy bleeding, diarrhea etc. |
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__________ is a hormone which is released by the posterior pituitary which raises the blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. |
Vasopressin (ADH) |
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Hypovolemic thirst is triggered by the release of hormones _____________ and _____________. |
(fill in the blanks) vasopressin and angiotensin II |
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Sodium-specific hunger |
a strong craving for salt and salty foods. |
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Insulin |
a pancreatic hormone that is important for metabolism and utilization of energy from the ingested nutrients, especially glucose. |
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Glucagon |
opposite that of insulin. Glucagon is a peptide hormone that raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. |
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____________ is a long term storage |
Adipose tissue (fat) |
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The only fuel used by the brain is __________. |
glucose |
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Can fatty acids be used by the brain? |
No. |
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2 types of insulin release: |
>> cephalic release - insuline released in response to food related stimuli.
>> gastrointestinal release - insulin released in response to blood glucose levels. |
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Fasting is like upregulation or downregulation? |
upregulation. |
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Hunger VS satiety |
hunger >> psychological state of strong motivation to seek and ingest food.
satiety >> the state of being fed to satisfaction. |
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Dual center hypothesis (hunger and satiety center) |
LH: hunger center
VMH: satiety center |
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"ON circuit" - stimulated feeding behavior
What are the two neurotransmitters being produced? |
NPY and AgRP. |
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"OFF circuit" - inhibits feeding behavior
What are the two main signaling molecules being produced? |
CART and POMC. |
