Psy 383 Ch:5

Front 1

A procedure in which a stimulus is followed by a reinforcer regardless of what the organism does. The procedure often results in the shaping of behavior without reinforecement

Back 1

autoshaping

Front 2

a chaining procedure in which training begins with the last link in the chain and adds preceding links in reverse order.

Back 2

backward chaining

Front 3

A series of related behaviors, the last of which produces reinforcement

Back 3

behavior chain

Front 4

In operant training, the procedure of establishing a behavior chain

Back 4

chaining

Front 5

Any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties through its assosciation with other reinforcers. Also called conditioned reinforcer

Back 5

conditioned reinforcer

Front 6

Any reinforcing event that has been arranged by someone, usually for the purpose of modifying behavior

Back 6

contrived reinforcer

Front 7

An operant training procedure in which performance of a behavior defines the end of the trial

Back 7

discrete trial procedure

Front 8

one of the brain's major neurotransmitters and on source of a natural "high". It is thought to play an important role in reinforcement

Back 8

dopamine

Front 9

In Hull's theory of reinforcement, a motivational state (such as hunger) causec by a period of deprivation (as of food)

Back 9

drive

Front 10

The theory of reinforcers that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to the reduction of a drive

Back 10

drive-reduction theory

Front 11

An important nt that is tohught to be important in reinforcement. more commonly known as adrenaline.

Back 11

epinephrine

Front 12

A form of negative reinforcement in which the subject first learns to escape, and then to avoid, an aversive

Back 12

escape-avoidance learning

Front 13

(2) In operant training, the procedure of witholding the reinforcers that maintain a behavior

Back 13

extinction

Front 14

A sudden increase in the rate of behavior during the early stages of extinction

Back 14

extinction burst

Front 15

A chaining procedure in which training begins with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order

Back 15

forward chaining

Front 16

a chaining procedure in which training beings with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order

Back 16

forward chaining

Front 17

An operant procedure in which a behavior may be repeated any number of times

Back 17

free operant procedure

Front 18

Any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several different reinforcers

Back 18

generalized reinforcer

Front 19

operant conditioning

Back 19

instrumental learning

Front 20

The statement that behavior is a function of its consequences. so called becuase the strength of a behavior depends on its past effects on the environment. Implicit in the law is the notion that operant learning is an active process because it is usually the behavior of the organism that, directly or indirectly, produces the effect.

Back 20

law of effect

Front 21

Anything that establishes conditions that improve effectiveness of a reinforcer. also called establishing operation

Back 21

motivating operation

Front 22

Any reinforcer event that follows automatically (naturally) from a behavior.

Back 22

natural reinforcer

Front 23

A reinforcement procedure i n which a behavior is followed by removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stmulus. Somtimes called escape training

Back 23

negative reinforcement

Front 24

Any stimulus that, when removed, increases or maintains the strength of that behavior

Back 24

negative reinforcer

Front 25

The view that avoidance and punishment involve only one procedure---operant learning

Back 25

one-process theory

Front 26

Any procedure in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker depending on consequences. also called instrument learning

Back 26

operant learning

Front 27

A reinforcement procedure in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called reward training, although the term reward is problematic.

Back 27

positive reinforcement

Front 28

The observation that high-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior

Back 28

Premack priniciple

Front 29

Any reinforcer that is not dependent on another reinforcer for its reinforcing properties

Back 29

primary reinforcer

Front 30

The procedure of providing consequences for a behavipr that increase or maintain the strength of that behavior

Back 30

reinforcment

Front 31

Theory of reinforcement that considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather than stimuli and that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors

Back 31

relative value theory

Front 32

The theory of reinforcement that says a behavior is reinforcing to the extent that the organism has been deprived of performing that behavior, also called equilibrium theory.

Back 32

response deprivation theory

Front 33

The reappearance during extinction of a previously reinforced behavior

Back 33

resurgence

Front 34

changes in behavior due to positive reinforcement

Back 34

reward learning

Front 35

Formerly reward center, the nueral pathway believed to be associated with positive reinforcement. It is thought to be an area in the septal region, the area seperating the two cerebral hemispheres and running from the middle of the brain to the frontal cortex (thinking area)

Back 35

reward pathway

Front 36

A reduction in the effectiveness of a reinforcer due to exposure to or consumption of the reinforcer. Food can be reinforcing when a person is hungry, but it loses some of its effectiveness with each bite.

Back 36

satiation

Front 37

Any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties though its assosciation with other reinforcers. Also called conditioned reinforcer.

Back 37

secondary reinforcer

Front 38

In operant training, the procedure od reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior

Back 38

shaping

Front 39

An escape avoidance training procedure in which no stimulus regularly precedes the aversive stimulus. Also called unsignaled avoidance

Back 39

Sidman avoidance procedure

Front 40

The procedure of identifying the component elements of a behavior chain

Back 40

task analysis

Front 41

The essential elements of all operant learning, often represented by the letters A B C, for antecedent, behavior, and consequences

Back 41

three-term contingency

Front 42

The view that avoidance and punishment involve two procedures---Pavlovian and operant learning

Back 42

two-process theory