Psy 379 Midterm

Front 1

Define Stigma

Back 1

A mark or sign of discredit
- an attribute that is devalued in a particular social context

Front 2

What is the process of stigma?

Back 2

labels
stereotypes
group separation
loss of status
prejudice and discrimination
back to labels

Front 3

Goffman’s types of stigma

Back 3

Abominations of the body - uninherited physical characteristics
Blemishes of character - weak will and unnatural passions
tribal stigmas - race, religion, etc

Front 4

Dimensions of Stigma

Back 4

Peril
course
aesthetics
disruptiveness
concealability
responsibility

Front 5

Peril

Back 5

dimension of stigma -
how dangerous is the stigma
like how the mentally ill are seen as dangerous

Front 6

Course

Back 6

dimension of stigma -
how does it change over time

Front 7

Aesthetics

Back 7

dimension of stigma -
the degree to which one is visually appealing

Front 8

Disruptiveness

Back 8

dimension of stigma -
the degree to which the stigma impacts relationships

Front 9

Concealability

Back 9

dimension of stigma -
can you pass?

Front 10

Responsibility

Back 10

dimension of stigma -
to what degree can the stigma be blamed on the individual?

Front 11

Cognitive causes of stigma

Back 11

social categorizations
which lead to stereotypes
which are heavily subject to confirmation bias

Front 12

Motivational causes of stigma

Back 12

Self-protection - if there’s a real or symbolic threat to your self or your way of life (like with gay marriage)
System Justification - stigmatized individuals threaten a worldview and violate stereotypes if they seek to transcend them

Front 13

EvoPsych causes of stigma

Back 13

risk to reproductive fitness (for the stigmatized individual and those who associate with them)
lack of reciprocation (feeling that the sick or poor won’t be able to reciprocate kindness)

Front 14

Three major outcomes of stigma

Back 14

stereotyping
prejudice
discrimination

Front 15

define stereotyping

Back 15

making generalizations about groups

Front 16

define prejudice

Back 16

having negative attitudes toward people based on their group membership

Front 17

define discrimination

Back 17

unjustified harmful behavior levied on group members

Front 18

define self-enhancement

Back 18

like downward social comparison - a way to use and reinforce stigma for personal benefit

Front 19

mortality and stigmatization

Back 19

mortality here refers to a fear of the loss of one’s life or lifestyle, or a fear of the de-special-izing of one’s status

Front 20

define ambivalence

Back 20

people will often simultaneously feel sympathetic but also blame a person for their lifestyle

Front 21

define attributional ambiguity

Back 21

being unable to determine whether stigma is the cause of one’s life predicament

Front 22

define disengagement

Back 22

not going to math class becuase you were told that your group is bad at math

Front 23

define disidentification

Back 23

not ever doing math at all, because you were told your group is bad at math
-- thus distancing from all reminders of your stigmatization --

Front 24

Stereotype threat

Back 24

the effect of understanding that your group is negatively stereotyped in a given situation, which may lead to lower performance in that situation due to distraction and other factors

Front 25

status-asymmetry v. stereotype-asymmetry

Back 25

the basketball scenario
white guy is of higher social status, but is still stereotyped in this scenario

Front 26

benefits of attributing discrimination in one’s life

Back 26

self esteem - it’s the system, not me
social change - recognizing discrimination can be motivational

Front 27

attributions of discrimination when target is negatively stereotyped

Back 27

O’Brien:
more likely

Front 28

intent and attributions of discrimination

Back 28

known intent leads to greatest attribution
if ambiguous people are more likely to call the action prejudical than to call the actor prejudiced
without info on intent, we look to harm

Front 29

harm and attributions of discrimination

Back 29

more harm = greater attribution
but only impactful when intent is ambiguous
(if intent is confirmed, more harm doesn’t have more effect)

Front 30

personal attributions of discrimination v. attributions to group discrimination

Back 30

peope are less likely to attribute discrimination in their own lives than they are to say that their group has been discriminated against

Front 31

define stigma consciousness

Back 31

the degree to which one believes that stigma has had an affect on their lives

Front 32

define rejection sensitivity

Back 32

one’s tendency to anxiously expect and readily perceive discrimination

Front 33

effects of rejection sensitivity

Back 33

more anxiously expect and perceive discrimination
more intense reaction to perceived discrimination

Front 34

effects of need to belong

Back 34

if you feel that you need to belong to a group, you’re less likely to report discrimination
if you feel that you already belong to the group, you become more likely to report

Front 35

status and mobility

Back 35

perceived discrimation is highest with low status and low belief in mobility (draw the chart)

Front 36

Situational factors affecting the likelihood of confronting a discriminator

Back 36

Cost (big one)
social status of perpetrator
familiarity of setting
number of bystanders (pluralistic ignorance comes up too)

Front 37

assertive v. non-assertive response to discrimination

Back 37

assertive = saying or doing something directly, visible to perpetrator
non-assertive = using humor, trying to placate, passive aggressive defiance to norms
displaced aggression

Front 38

emotional responses to discrimination

Back 38

frustration, anger
(as opposed to cognitive responses)

Front 39

cognitive coping strategies in resposne to discriminatoin

Back 39

dissociating from group
making social comparisons to outgroup (downward social comparisons)
developing illusory sense of control
denial or relabeling of event

Front 40

why respond publicly to discrimination

Back 40

for both assertive and non-assertive responses:
catharsis
obtain social support / validation

Front 41

why respond assertively, in public, to discrimination?

Back 41

communicating displeasure really does decrease offensive behavior
you will educate the perp and bystanders about discrimination

Front 42

negative outcomes of not responding to discrimination

Back 42

perpetuation of status quo
no catharsis
guilt
rumination (leads to distraction and lower performance)
spike in blood pressure and slow rebound

Front 43

define prototypes

Back 43

concepts we have about how things work
(so we know that men discriminate against women, so we’re more likely to attribute discrimination if a man gives a woman a negative evaluation...)

Front 44

stereotype asymmetry

Back 44

not fitting the stereotype of a person who would be successful in a certain situation
thus making you more likely to attribute discrimination in the event of a negative outcome