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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gestalt Psychology
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an approach to psychology that emphasizes the integrative and active nature of perception and thought suggesting that the whole may be greater than the sum of its parts
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Field Dependent
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the extent to which an individual's problem solving is influenced by salient but irrelevant aspects of the context in which the problem occurs
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Field Independent
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the extent to which an individual's problem solving is NOT influenced by salient but irrelevant aspects of the context in which the problem occurs
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Cognitive Complexity
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the extent to which a person comprehends, utilizes, and is comfortable with a greater number of distinctions or separate elements into which an entity or events is analyzed, and the extent to which the person can integrate these elements by drawing connections or relationships among them
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Schema
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a cognitive structure that organizes knowledge and expectations about one's environment
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Script
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a schema that guides behavior in social situations
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Social Intelligence
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the idea that individuals differ in their level of mastery of the particular cluster of knowledge and skills that are relevant to interpersonal situations
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Emotional Intelligence
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the set of emotional abilities specific to dealing with other people
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Learned Helplessness
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situation in which repeated exposure to unavoidable punishment leads an organism to accept later punishment even when it IS unavoidable
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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describe behavior of others as being dispositionally-caused
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Self-Perception Theory (Bem)
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-we observe ourselves the way we observe others
-self-assessments change according to observation of our own behavior -originally was an explanation for cognitive dissonance |
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Locus of Control
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the variable that measures the extent to which an individual habitually attributes outcomes to factors internal to the self versus external to the self
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Observational Learning
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learning by and individual that occurs by watching others perform the behavior, with the individual neither performing the behavior nor being directly rewarded or punished for the behavior
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Vicarious Learning
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learning achieved by watching the experiences of another person
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Self-Regulation
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monitoring one's own behavior as a result of one's internal processes of goals, planning, and self-reinforcement
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Self-Efficacy
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an expectancy or belief about how competently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particular situation
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Social Self
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who we are and how we think of ourselves arise from our interactions with those around us; also, having an identity in the social world
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Environmental Press
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the push of the situation...it is a directional force on a person that arises from other people and events in the environment
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TAT
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Thematic Apperception Test
projective test in which a person is presented with a series of ambiguous pictures and composes a story |
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Psychosomatic Medicine
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treatment that is based on the idea that the mind affects the body
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Type A Behavior
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a tense, competitive style that is especially likely to be associated with coronary heart disease
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Meta-Analysis
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statistical technique for combining the results of multiple research studies
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Fail-safe N
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number of studies that would have to be in existence with no effects before you would have to change your conclusion about significance level
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Cultural Effects
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the shared behaviors and customs learned from the institutions in society
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Ethnocentrism
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evaluating others from one's own cultural point of view
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Idiolect
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each individual's own unique version of his or her native language
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Dialect
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Regional variations in phonology, vocabulary, and syntactic forms
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F-Scale
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a scaled to measure a person's proneness to being rigid and authoritarian
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SES Gradient
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phenomenon in public health in which the higher the person's socioeconomic status, the lower is that person's risk of getting sick and dying prematurely
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SES (socioeconomic status)
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measurement of one's level of education and income
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Linguistic Relativity
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the idea that claims that our interpretation of the world is to a large extent dependent on the linguistic system by which we classify it
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Contemporaneous Causation
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Lewin's concept that behavior is caused at the moment of its occurrence by all the influences that are present in the individual at that moment
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Cognitive Style
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individual's distinctive, enduring way of dealing with everyday tasks of perception and problem solving
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Outcome Expectancy
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expected consequence of a behavior that is the most significant influence on whether or not an individual will reproduce an observed behavior; also, the extent to which an individual expects his or her performance to have a positive result
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Behavior Potential
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likeliehood that a particular behavior will occur in a specific situation
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Specific Expectancy
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expectancy that a reward will follow a behavior in a particular situation
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Generalized Expectancy
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expectancies that are related to a group of situations
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Psychological Situation
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individual's unique combo of potential behaviors and the value of these behaviors to the individual
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Self-System
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set of cognitive processes by which a person perceives, evaluates, and regulates his or her own behavior so that it is appropriate to the environment and effective in achieving goals
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Human Agency
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the capacity of a person to exercise control not only over her actions, but also over internal thought processes and motivations
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Self-Regulation
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monitoring one's own behavior as a result of one's internal processes of goals, planning, and self-reinforcement
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chumship
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preadolescent's chums serve as a social mirror for forming his or her identity
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Sullivan's personality
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relatively enduring pattern of recurrent interpersonal situations
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Illusion of Individuality
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idea that person has a single, fixed personality is just an illusion
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Personology
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focus on processes of personality, not static concepts
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Personological system
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emphasizes richness of life of each person and the dynamic nature of the individual as a complex organism responding to a specific environment
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Thema
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combo of needs and presses typical for an individual
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Strategies
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individual differences in the meanings people give to stimuli and reinforcement that are learned during experiences with situations and their rewards
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Competencies
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person's abilities and knowledge
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Encoding Strategies
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schemas and mechanisms one uses to rocess and encode info
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Expectancies
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person's outcome and self-efficacy expectancies
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Thema
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combo of needs and presses typical for an individual
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Strategies
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individual differences in the meanings people give to stimuli and reinforcement that are learned during experiences with situations and their rewards
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Competencies
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person's abilities and knowledge
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Encoding Strategies
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schemas and mechanisms one uses to rocess and encode info
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Expectancies
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person's outcome and self-efficacy expectancies
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Ego-Resiliant
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people who are calm, cosially at ease, insightful, and not anxious
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Life-course Approach
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emphasizes that patterns of behavior change as a function of age, culture, social groups, life events, and so forth, as well as because of internal drives, motives, and traits
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Cumulative Continuity
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tendency of personality to remain stable over time through consistency of interpretations, environments, and reactions
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Prospective Design
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using early measures to prediict later outcomes
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Readiness
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extent to which individuals are likely to respond appropiately in a given situation, as a function of their prior experiences with that situation
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Critical Period
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point during development when an organism is optimally ready to learn a particular response pattern
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Imprinting
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type of learning that occurs at a particular early point in an organism's life and cannot be changed later on
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Affiliation Dimension
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warmth and harmony vs. rejection and hostility
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Assertiveness Dimension
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dominance and task-orientation vs. submission and deference
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Circumplex Model
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arrangement of 2 basic dimensions of social interaction that shows the circular pattern of the combined characteristics
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Critical Period
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point during development when an organism is optimally ready to learn a particular response pattern
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Imprinting
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type of learning that occurs at a particular early point in an organism's life and cannot be changed later on
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Affiliation Dimension
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warmth and harmony vs. rejection and hostility
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Assertiveness Dimension
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dominance and task-orientation vs. submission and deference
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Ego Development
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individual's level of psychological maturity
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Sick Role
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set of societal expectations about how a person should behave when ill
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Somatopsychic Effect
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disease or genetic predispositions to illness that affect personality
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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combo of impulsive, self-destructive behavior, fragile self-identity, and moody, stormy relationship
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Personality Disorder
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deep-rooted, ongoing pattern of behavior that impairs the person's functioning and well-being
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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model of disease that suggests that altthough a predisposition to illness existis because of genetics or upbringing, the illness itself will no appear unless or until it is elicited by the environment
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Diathesis
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hereditary predisposition of the body to disease or disorder
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Ethnocentrism
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evaluating others from one's own cultural POV
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Linguistic Relativity
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our interpretation of the world is to a large extent dependent on the linguistic system by which we classify it
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