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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Age Changes in Overall Intelligence
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-Decline in IQ starting somewhere between ages 32 to 39 (cross-sectional studies)
-Suggests rise in IQ through middle age with drop in total IQ score beginning around 67 to 74 years (longitudinal data) -Average declines become more substantial in the 80s |
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Flynn Effect
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-Average verbal IQ scores for groups of older adults increase steadily over the 20th century
-Related to changes in modern life |
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Age Changes in Components of Intelligence: Crystallized Intelligence
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-Dependent on education and experience; rises or shows stability into the 70s
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Age Changes in Components of Intelligence: Fluid Intelligence
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-Requires adaption to new situations not dependent of education or experience; begins to decline earlier
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Random Important Facts
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-Intelligence decline is slower than previously theorized
-Individual differences prevail across all facets of intelligence and age -Intelligence predicts health and longevity |
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Reversing Declines in Intellectual Abilities
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-Physical exercise contributes to significant improvement in intellectual performance
-Long-term training outcomes more positive if training occurs before cognitive declines |
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Short-term (primary) memory
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-information held for 30 seconds and passively stored for immediate recall
-shows only small age-related declines |
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Working memory
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-actively performing mental operations on information
-shows substantial declines with age |
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Why does working memory decline with age?
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Older people may experience:
-less mental energy or attentional resources -less able to use working memory strategies -decline in processing speed -less able to inhibit intruding stimuli -less able to engage in reflective processes |
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Declarative (explicit) memory
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-Knowledge available to conscious awareness; directly assessed by recall and recognition tests
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Episodic Memory
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Older adults:
-do not perform well on memorization of word lists or stories -have difficulty forming and retrieving from long-term memory associations among single units of _______ memory -decline begins as early as teens or 20s and continues slowly throughout life |
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Semantic Memory
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-stored facts
-fairly stable before age 75 -gradual, systematic decline between ages 70 and 103 |
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Prospective Memory
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-remembering to do something later on in the future
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Common cause hypothesis
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declines in intellectual abilities and corresponding declines in sensory abilities are likely caused by sharing underlying factors
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Genetics
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-Cognitive abilities are among the most heritable of behavior traits
-Heritability ratings -_________ explain 60 percent of individual differences in general cognitive ability |
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Gender Roles
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-describes what men and women do in a given culture in a given era
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Gender Stereotypes
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-refers to sets of shared beliefs or generalizations about what men and women in a society have in common, often extending to what members of each gender ought to do and how they should behave
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Instrumental Qualities
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-being competitive, adventurous, and physically strong
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Communal Qualities
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-being sympathetic, nurturing, and intuitive
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Learning-Schema Theory
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-states that children are taught to view the world and themselves through gender-polarized lenses that make artificial or exaggerated distinctions between what is masculine and what is feminine
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Proximal Causes
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-factors that are present in the immediate environment
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Distal Causes
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-factors that were present in the past
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Egalitarian Roles
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-equal roles
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Marital Selection
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-healthier people are more apt to marry and stay married
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Marital Protection Effect
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-married people have more advantages in terms of financial resources, social support, and healthier lifestyles
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Filter Theory
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-we begin with a large pool of potential mates and gradually filter out those who do not fit our specifications
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Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
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-it states that as we grow older, we tend to prefer more meaning social relationships
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Evolutionary Psychology Theory
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-individuals who carries genes for cooperativeness, group loyalty, adherence to norms, and promotion of social inclusion were more apt to survive in the primal environment and pass on these genes to their descendants (and ultimately to us)
-these genes continue to affect our social and cognitive behavior and are reflected in the ways we form and maintain social relationships in today's environment |
