Psy 311 Exam Two Opp Cond

Front 1

Operant Conditioning

Back 1

aka Instrumental
limitations of classical conditioning must build on innate reflexes reacting environment

Front 2

How do you change a behavior?

Back 2

by changing consequences
ex) you get points for coming to class but penalized for not coming, therefore a changing behavior- association

Front 3

Critical Environmental Stimulus

Back 3

comes after response and is obtained by the action of the learner

Front 4

Discrete Trial Method

Back 4

only one response can occur per trial

Front 5

Who was the discrete trial used by

Back 5

Thorndike

Front 6

What did Thorndike study?

Back 6

interested in animal intelligence

Front 7

What was an experiment used by Thorndike?

Back 7

Cat in box; if cat pulled lever, food was released; cats learned about the association between the food and escape response

Front 8

Did time increase or decrease with number of trials in Thorndike's experiment?

Back 8

time decreased because of learned association with food and lever

Front 9

Law of effect

Back 9

when a response is followed by a desirable consequence, the probability of that response is increased; when a response is followed by an undesirable consequence, the probability of that response is decreased

Front 10

When learning a behavior, what relationship are you learning?

Back 10

learning relationship between the response and the consequence

Front 11

What type of method of operant conditioning did B.F Skinner use?

Back 11

used the Free-Operant Method

Front 12

What is the Free-Operant Method?

Back 12

participants are free to respond when and as often as they like; used by B.F Skinner

Front 13

What is Skinner famous for?

Back 13

The Skinner Box

Front 14

What is the Skinner Box?

Back 14

Skinner Box=an operant chamber
Magazine training used to teach the animal where and when to get food
--more animals press bar, food released and behavior Reinforced (positive)

Front 15

Positive Reinforment

Back 15

Adds something to continue the wanted response

Front 16

Negative Reinforcment

Back 16

Response takes something away

Front 17

Reinforcment

Back 17

increases the response rate

Front 18

Punishment

Back 18

decreases the response rate

Front 19

Primary reinforcers

Back 19

effective at birth--ex) food, sex, water, visual stimulation

Front 20

Secondary Reinforcers

Back 20

acquiring reinforcing properties through experience
become associated with primary reinforcing--ex] money

Front 21

The Premack Principle

Back 21

any higher probability activity could reinforce a low probability activity

Front 22

What is an example of the Premack Principle?

Back 22

when you were little, your parent said, "if you finish your spinach, you can have dessert"
-reinforcer at the end

Front 23

Does this example work in regards to the Premack principle: If you eat all of your spinach, you can have some potatoes

Back 23

yes, generally children like potatoes

Front 24

Importance of Premack Principle

Back 24

-you can use reinforcers
-used in educational settings and mental hospitals

Front 25

What always comes first in the Premack Principle?

Back 25

always have to do the thing you hate before you do the thing you like

Front 26

Problems with the Premack Principle

Back 26

-need to figure out high vs. low response probabilities
-response probabilities change-things you like change

Front 27

What did Skinner's experiment do? (punishment)

Back 27

-trained rats to press bar
--one group received extinction(no food)
--one group received mild punishment (slap on paw)
--one group received no punishment (only food)

Front 28

What was the IV in Skinner's Punishment Experiment?

Back 28

the consequence

Front 29

How many levels were in Skinner's Punishment experiment?

Back 29

3 levels--no punishment, mild punishment, extinction

Front 30

What did Skinner's punishment experiment conclude?

Back 30

the punishment was ineffective

Front 31

Side effects of punishment

Back 31

it can induce fear
it can induce learned helplessness
can induce pain-elicited aggression
may serve as a model for aggression

Front 32

An example of learned helplessness

Back 32

Two teachers gave fifth graders a series of math problems
--teacher A always gave solvable math probs
--teacher B always gave unsolvable math probs
-when teacher B finally gave a solvable math problem, the students failed to solve them even though they have solved exactly the same problems earlier for teacher A
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

Front 33

Important issues in operant conditioning

Back 33

1. shaping 2. generalization 3. discrimination 4. extinction 5. superstitious behavior

Front 34

Adventitious Reinforcement

Back 34

accidental pairing of response and delivery of reinforcer

Front 35

What is an example of adventitious reinforcement?

Back 35

Dr. Golding's lucky socks; each accidental pairing 'stamps in' a particular response

Front 36

In Skinner's Superstitious experiment, how often did the pidegons receive food?

Back 36

Every 15 seconds

Front 37

What was the outcome of Skinner's Superstitious experiment?

Back 37

There was the belief that behavior is controlled by the reinforcer

Front 38

Mechanics of Operant Conditioning

Back 38

Time is crucial, don't delay; always want the individuals to be clear about the association-it knows something causes something else.

Front 39

Continuous Operant Conditioning

Back 39

- reinforcement/punishment after after response
-does not work very well because ppl get lazy and there is a loss of motivation

Front 40

What is an example of Continuous Operant Conditioning?

Back 40

SNL, Bill Murray getting a cracker after every trick

Front 41

Partial Operant Conditioning

Back 41

4 types of Partial:
-variable
-fixed
-ratio
-interval

Front 42

Variable

Back 42

Random

Front 43

Fixed

Back 43

every time or response

Front 44

Ratio

Back 44

responses

Front 45

Interval

Back 45

Time

Front 46

Variable Interval

Back 46

-Response/Punishment for First response after random amount of time

Front 47

What is an example of variable interval?

Back 47

reinforcement after 2 sec, 8 sec, 54 sec, etc.

Front 48

Variable Ratio

Back 48

Reinforcement/ Punishment after random number of responses

Front 49

What is an example of variable ratio?

Back 49

Reinforcement after response 4, response 13, response 39, etc

Front 50

Fixed Ratio

Back 50

Reinforcement/Punishment after SPECIFIC number of responses

Front 51

What is an example of Fixed Ratio?

Back 51

reinforcement after SPECIFIC response 4, response 8, response 12, etc.

Front 52

Fixed Interval

Back 52

Reinforcement/ Punishment for first response after SPECIFIC amounts of time

Front 53

What is an example of Fixed Interval?

Back 53

Reinforcement after 3 sec, 6 sec, 9 sec, etc

Front 54

What is one of the best partial schedules and an example?

Back 54

Variable Ratio-Slot Machines, casinos always make more money and have greater chance of winning than the ppl playing--18/38

Front 55

What is another word for Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning?

Back 55

Behaviorism

Front 56

Behavior Modification

Back 56

applying principles of reinforcement/punishment to human behaviors

Front 57

What is an example of Behavior Modification?

Back 57

Trying to fix the fact tht your roommate leaves laundry all over the floor all the time

Front 58

What are three ways of solving the laundry problem?

Back 58

punish-yell and scold by throwing away laundry
train an incompatible behavior-buy laundry hamper and reward for using it
reward abscence of unwanted behavior- invite friends over when room is clean

Front 59

What are the three most important factors in behavior modification using positive reinforcement?

Back 59

1. Select the behavior to be increased, be as specific as possible
2. Choose reinforcement, must be effective for the individual
3. Immediately, maximum reinforcement given immediately after the desired response

Front 60

Pitfalls of behavior modification using positive reinforcement

Back 60

May lead to feelings of being controlled
ex] what does child understand about his/her behavior?--do they understand clean clothes don't belong on floor? OR are they just doing it to get the reinforcement?

Front 61

Extinction

Back 61

Withold reinforcement that maintains undesirable behavior

Front 62

Can extinction be a form of punishment?

Back 62

yes, can cause emotional responses, aggression and frusteration

Front 63

Cognitive Learning

Back 63

The problem with a strict behavioristic view of learning is that learning can depend on mental processes that cannot be directly observed and that organisms can be active processors of info

Front 64

What is an example from class of Observational Learning?

Back 64

The movie clip of Thelma and Louise--> robbing the bank

Front 65

What is an example of Observational Learning from the book?

Back 65

Bandora and the Bobo doll experiment

Front 66

What were the hypothesizes of the Bobo Doll experiment?

Back 66

1. Boys are more aggressive than girls
2. Boys who watch male models are more aggressive
3. Control group would be less aggressive
4. People exposed to aggression would be more aggressive

Front 67

What was the design of the Bobo Doll experiment?

Back 67

2x2x2 with a control

Front 68

What were the measures of the Bobo Doll experiment?

Back 68

Verbal Aggression, Mallard Aggression, Non imitative Aggression, Other Maladaptive Aggression

Front 69

What were the results of the Bobo Doll experiment?

Back 69

Overall males were more aggressive than females

Front 70

Causal Attributions

Back 70

Perceptions of the causes of behavior often involves learning a cognitive relationship

Front 71

What are two examples of causal distributions?

Back 71

-you know you did well because you studied well
-you know you did poorly because Dr. Golding tricked us

Front 72

Dispositional Attributions

Back 72

Something about person themselves

Front 73

Situational Attributions

Back 73

Blaming on situation, not self

Front 74

Food Aversion

Back 74

When you eat soemthing and get sick later there is a tendency to avoid food later

Front 75

What is wrong with the example of Food Aversion?

Back 75

Trial learning goes against the notion of shaping
--there is time between eating and throwing up-why wouldn't she associate it with something else?
--they are not closely together in time and goes against behaviorism

Front 76

Language

Back 76

Predisposition to learn language
--more to language than one to one associaion

Front 77

What is an example of Language?

Back 77

Seinfeld --even if you've never seen it before, it's still funny

Front 78

What is wrong with Language?

Back 78

Ambiguity
--i love U 2, i love you two, i love you too---know difference bc of contex
--they are cooking apples (ADJ or Verb?)

Front 79

Biological Strength

Back 79

Innate-predisposition to learn things
-cannot use behavioristic techniques to train all behaviors

Front 80

What is an example of biological strength?

Back 80

Breland and Breland wanting to train a raccoon to put $$ in bank but it never actually did
---everything to raccoons means food
Tabula Rosa-not true!

Front 81

What is the example from class that was used to explain Cognitive maps?

Back 81

Rats were trained to tun through a partially flooded maze for food
- once they learned the maze, they flooded it s rats had to swim

Front 82

S-R prediction of flooded maze

Back 82

rats will not find the correct path to the goal box; they used a different set of muscular movements when they 1st learned the route

Front 83

Tolman's Cognitive map Prediction

Back 83

Rats would swim to goal box based on cognitive map

Front 84

What were the results of the Flooded Maze experiment?

Back 84

Rats would swim to goal box without error

Front 85

Cognition

Back 85

Actively process information (all animals)
- learning is too complex to be explained by simple associations

Front 86

What is an example of cognition in remembering something?

Back 86

deciding what to rehearse
--songs, associating with bdays, channels, etc.

Front 87

Principles of Cognitive Psych- Study Unobservables

Back 87

Use observable behavior to draw inferences about unobservables ex] memory

Front 88

Principles of Cognitive Psych-Organism is an active seeker & processor of info

Back 88

this means you have some control
-ex] penny getting chocolate

Front 89

Principles of Cognitive Psych- In general Cog psych is nonreductional

Back 89

Not safe to assume that what you observe with rats is true of humans