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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information?
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Memory
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What are the three parts to memory?
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-Encoding
-Storage -Retrieval |
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What is the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning?
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Encoding
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What is the retention of encoded information over time?
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Storage
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What is the process of getting information out of memory storage?
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Retrieval
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What does the 3 stage model of memory consist of?
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-Stage One- Sensory memory
-Stage Two- Short-term memory -Stage Three- Long-term memory |
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What is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?
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Sensory memory
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What is the activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten?
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Short-term memory
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What is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences?
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Long-term memory
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What are the two ways in which encoding happens?
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-Automatic Processing
-Effortful Processing |
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What is the unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings?
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Automatic Processing
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What is encoding that requires attention and conscious effort?
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Effortful Processing
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How do we encode with meaning?
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Linking information to something you already know
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How do we visually encode?
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Mnemonics
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What are memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices?
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Mnemonics
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How do we mentally organize information for encoding?
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-Chunking
-Hierarchies |
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What is organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically?
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Chunking
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What is a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second?
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Iconic memory
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What is a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds?
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Echoic memory
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What refers to short-term memory capacity, typically storing about seven bits of information (giving or taking two)?
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Magical number seven
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What has limited space and duration, and is considered the working memory?
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Short-term memory
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What has basically limitless capacity, not fallible; new experiences may cause us to forget and memory trace decays, and it isn't stored in one location?
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Long-term memory
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What starts as an impulse, have synapses send information, has effects of stress and amnesia, and includes implicit and explicit?
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Memory
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What is the loss of memory?
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Amnesia
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What is retention independent of conscious recollection (Also called procedural memory)?
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Implicit memory
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What is memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (Also called declarative memory)?
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Explicit memory
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What is a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test?
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Recall
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What is a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previ- ously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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Recognition
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What is a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time?
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Relearning
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What is the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory?
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Priming
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What is that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience?
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Deja vu
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What refers to the things you learn in one state, you are able to remember in the same state?
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State-dependent memory
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What is the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood?
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Mood-congruent memory
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How do we validate retrieval?
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-Recognize it
-More quickly relearn |
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How do we retrieve?
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With cues:
-Visual -Words -Experience |
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Forgetting can be due to the problems in?
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-Encoding failure: never really get the information coming in
-Storage decay: faded or damaged over time while in storage -Retrieval failure: having the information there but having trouble remembering exactly (tip of the tongue) -Memories can also become distorted or too persistent |
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What is the inattention to detail (encoding failure)?
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Absent-mindedness
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What is storage decay over time; occurs from not thinking about the past?
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Transience
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What is trying to remember and not being able to get the information all the way out (tip of the tongue)
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Blocking
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What is confusing the source of the information (who said what)?
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Misattribution
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What is referred to as a leading question?
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Suggestibility
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What are beliefs, color, and recollections?
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Bias
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What is considered persistent unwanted memories?
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Intrusion
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What are the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
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Cognition
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What is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (how we organize)?
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Concepts
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What is a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a proto-typical bird, such as a robin)?
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Prototype
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What is a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics (step by step procedure; labor and time intensive)?
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Algorithm
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What is a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions?
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Insight
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What is a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence?
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Confirmation bias
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What is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set?
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Fixation
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What is a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past?
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Mental set
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What is when we perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging?
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Functional fixedness
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What is the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments?
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Overconfidence
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What is the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect deci- sions and judgments?
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Framing
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What is clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited?
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Belief perseverance
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What is our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning?
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Language
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Who believes we talk because of: Association, Imitation, and Reinforcement?
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Skinner
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What did Skinner study?
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Operant Conditioning
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Who believes we are pre-wired for language with a LAD (Language Acquisition Device)
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Chomsky
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What did Chomsky study?
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Universal Grammar
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Who using linguistic determinism, believed different languages impose different realities?
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Whorf
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What is mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations?
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Intelligence
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Who created the first children's intelligence test in France to separate people into groups based on: children develop in the same way, but at their own rate, and they score the test by seeing if mental age equals their chronological age?
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Alfred Binet
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Who in California revised the test into the Stanford Binet, because the French test didn't work in California?
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Lewis Terman
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Who developed the IQ score (IQ=mental age divided by chronological age x 100)?
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William Stern
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Who believed we have one general intelligence and helped to develop factor analysis?
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Charles Spearman
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What is a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test?
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General intelligence
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What is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score?
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Factor analysis
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Who believes we have 8 multiple intelligences?
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Howard Gardner
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Who believes in a triarchic (three) theory of intelligences: analytical (academic-problem solving) intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
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Robert Sternberg
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What is the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas?
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Creativity
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Who identified the five components of creativity: Expertise (well developed base of knowledge), Imaginative thinking skills (seeing things in new ways), Venturesome personality (seeking new experiences), Intrinsic motivation (enjoy what you do, and that's why you do it), Creative environment (where you go to encourage creativity)?
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Robert Sternberg
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What is the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance?
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Mental age
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Who created the WAIS and WISC intelligence tests?
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David Wechsler
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What is defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group?
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Stardization
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What is the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the con- sistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting?
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Reliability
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What is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to?
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Validity
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What is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior?
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Motivation
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What are three theories of motivation?
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-Instinct theory
-Drive-reduction theory -Arousal theory |
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What is a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned?
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Instinct
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What is the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?
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Drive-reduction theory
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What is a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior?
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Incentive
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Who developed the hierarchy of needs?
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Maslow
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What does Maslow's hierarchy of need consist of?
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1. Physiological needs- needs to stay alive (food, water)
2. Safety needs- needs that the world is organized and predictable 3. Need to belong- you matter to others and be accepted 4. Esteem needs- need for achievement, and respect from others 5. Self-actualization needs (very few)- live to your fullest unique potential |
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What is the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight?
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Set point
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What is the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure?
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Basal metabolic rate
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What is an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve?
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Anorexia nervosa
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What is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise?
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Bulimia nervosa
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What are significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa?
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Binge eating disorder
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What are the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution?
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Sexual response cycle
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What is a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm?
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Refractory period
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How many men are homosexual?
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3-4%
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How many women are homosexual?
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1-2%
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