Psy 260 Exam 1

Front 1

Define social psychology

Back 1

The scientific study
of how individuals
think, feel, and behave
in a (perceived) social context

Front 2

Behavior "formula"

Back 2

B = f(P, E)

behavior is a function of the person and the environment

Front 3

Social Perceptions

Back 3

How we look at, interpret, judge, and predict social situations -- could possibly have an agenda

Front 4

Making inferences

Back 4

Try to figure out:
1. social position (gender, race, etc.)
2. individual differences (traits, attitudes, emotions)

Front 5

Raw "data" of social perception

Back 5

People, situations, behavior

Front 6

After observing raw data, we categorize information

Back 6

Stereotypes (people), scripts (situations), attitudes (social objects), self-perception

Front 7

After observing raw data, we categorize information

Back 7

Stereotypes (people), scripts (situations), attitudes (social objects), self-perception

Front 8

Where do cues come from?

Back 8

Biological aspects (eg, cute response) and learned from birth via various inputs

Front 9

Correspondent inference theory

Back 9

assumption that a person will act in a certain way because of a trait they have -- is the cue we perceive of a person a product of the person or of the environment?
-Questions: is it freely chosen? expectedness? intended effects/consequences?

Front 10

Social cues

Back 10

Inference gathered from three types of behavior: verbal, physical, non-verbal

Front 11

Non-verbal behavior includes:
(4 aspects)

Back 11

Appearance
Face: expressions (natural or manipulated), eyes
Body: posture, gesture, gait, space)
Voice: tempo, volume, pitch, accent

Front 12

Implicit personality theory

Back 12

When a cue/inference arises, it brings up more inferences because they are connected in a network

Front 13

Schema

Back 13

Mental frameworks of a person that develop as you continue to meet them and learn things about them; the more complex, the easier it is to talk to them

Front 14

How to develop schemas

Back 14

Cues --> inferences --> judgments --> categorize into schemas

Front 15

Prototype

Back 15

Visual image related to a schema, allows recognition

Front 16

Benefits of schemas

Back 16

Fast, efficient system that allows us to remember things more clearly

Front 17

Situational schemas

Back 17

Following appropriate script, involve a certain time element

Front 18

Disadvantages of schemas

Back 18

-Once the schema label is placed on something, it is difficult to get past it, making it deceptive
-We are blinded by schemas, we play favorites
-We have our own personal favorite schemas which we use more frequently; used to fill in gaps about something

Front 19

Priming

Back 19

When a schema has been used recently, it is more likely it will be used again shortly after

Front 20

Judgment

Back 20

Schema using information with values (positive or negative) -- WAM and primacy

Front 21

Weighted average model

Back 21

Some traits are weighted more than others; we don't add characteristic values, we average them

Front 22

Primacy

Back 22

First impressions count, most weighted

Front 23

Stereotypes

Back 23

Group schemas -- can be positive, negative, or neutral (not judgments if neutral)

Front 24

Units of stereotyping

Back 24

-Proximity/spatial grouping
-Similarity
-Homogeneity (ignore minor variations)
-Implied contrast: there must be a contrasting group

Front 25

Diagnostic Ratio

Back 25

Higher percentage of a type of people in a specific group than in the general population

Front 26

Illusory correlation

Back 26

Distinctive behavior creates a distinctive schema of the group, even if it is undeserved -- tendency to link variables that are only slightly or not at all related

Front 27

Problems with stereotypes

Back 27

Mislabeling:
-Prototype
-Representative fallacy = incorrect schema
Impossible to erase

Front 28

Bogus pipeline

Back 28

False lie-detector test -- Implicit Association Test (IAT) tries to eliminate bogus pipeline

Front 29

Cognitive overload

Back 29

So many different objects within the group that it is impossible to individualize without "slowing down"

Front 30

Self-schemas

Back 30

Require you to be self-aware, developed over a long period of time -- characteristics: self-perception, reflective appraisal

Front 31

Self-perception

Back 31

Observing self in the same way that others do

Front 32

Reflective Appraisal

Back 32

Social perspective of ourselves based on what others tell us about ourselves -- MUM effect occurs when we get older, we are told less often about mistakes/flaws

Front 33

Distinctiveness

Back 33

When others react to a distinctive characteristic/behavior, it is put back into self schema

Front 34

Self-reference effect

Back 34

Anything relevant to the self is more likely to be remembered and remembered correctly than things unrelated to the self

Front 35

False consensus effect

Back 35

You are your default under uncertainty -- fill in the gaps with ideas of ourselves

Front 36

Self-organization

Back 36

-Material self: anything material about you that changes over time (body and possessions)
-Social self (interpersonal, collective, social)
-Personality characteristics (abstract; traits, behaviors)

Front 37

Self-esteem

Back 37

Judgment of the self, must be thinking of self reflectively (only about 8% of the time) -- desire to make actual self reach ideal self

Front 38

Ideal self

Back 38

-positive (on your best day)
-negative (on your worst day)
-internal (personal standard)
-external (standard in comparison to others)

Front 39

Self-consciousness scale

Back 39

Internal and external self-esteem; public vs. private self-conscious

Front 40

Internal standard

Back 40

Actual standard

Front 41

External standard

Back 41

-Sociometer
-Passive
-Active

Front 42

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 42

1. Perceiver has expectations of a target person
2. Perceiver then behaves in a manner consistent with those expectations
3. Target unwittingly adjusts behavior according to perceiver's actions

Front 43

Motivations

Back 43

Affects self-esteem process
-Self-enhancement
-Verification
-Terror management theory
-Basking in reflected glory

Front 44

Self-enhancement

Back 44

Manipulate something to make self look better -- want to think good things about yourself

Front 45

Verification

Back 45

Knowledge of who you are, desire to have it confirmed -- want people to see you as you see yourself

Front 46

Terror management theory

Back 46

Avoiding thoughts of fear of death; avoidable with high self-esteem

Front 47

External standard (sociometer)

Back 47

"What I think other people think of me" -- self-esteem

Front 48

External standard (passive)

Back 48

Others are the standard, vs. my actual

Front 49

External standard (active)

Back 49

Make a selection of who to be compared to; social comparison theory

Front 50

Self-esteem Maintenance Theory

Back 50

Be careful with finding people too close to you, could become social comparison (relevance and closeness)

Front 51

Downward Social Comparison

Back 51

Picking a group worse off than you to feel better about yourself (self-enhancement)

Front 52

Upward Social Comparison

Back 52

Useful in improving performance, holding self to higher standard

Front 53

High self-esteem (narcissists)

Back 53

Higher on aggression, prejudice

Front 54

Low self-esteem

Back 54

More accurate social perceiver, predicting who does/doesn't like them and outcome of events

Front 55

Adjust standard

Back 55

Finding a balance point in terms of social comparisons; not the absolute best, not the very worst -- in-group standard

Front 56

Self-monitoring

Back 56

Watching people outside, using that as a standard to match other personalities to make others happy -- not very stable, lack of consistency across situations -- could be smart depending on situation

Front 57

Stereotype threat

Back 57

Negative stereotyping that has an impact on everyone in that group

Front 58

Self-awareness affects _____ and _____

Back 58

self-esteem; performance

Front 59

Attribtuion

Back 59

Used to answer why something occurred, especially something unusual
-Internal
-External
-Stable (consistent)
-Unstable

Front 60

Effect of self-concept on behavior

Back 60

-cybernetic/thermostat/TOTE model = using standard as the goal
-self-concept = total sum of beliefs about self
-discrepancy between standard and actual leads to improvement

Front 61

TOTE

Back 61

Test, operate, test, exit; if unable to exit, we repeat the process

Front 62

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 62

Not really en error, a tendency to go for internal causes for following reasons:
-perceptual
-informational
-motivational
-cultural

Front 63

Hedonic relevance

Back 63

The more I am affected, the more likely I am to go for internal

Front 64

Self-attribution

Back 64

Much more difficult:
-perceptual (tend to use external)
-informational (external)
-motivational

Front 65

Self-serving attributions

Back 65

If something good happens to me, it was because of me; if something bad happens, someone/something else caused it

Front 66

Actor-observer problem

Back 66

??

Front 67

Motivational self-serving attribution

Back 67

Making excuses -- an external attribution, often uncontrollable and unstable

Front 68

Self-handicapping

Back 68

Engaging in something beforehand to use as an excuse later

Front 69

Kelly Covariation Model

Back 69

-Consistency: over time, how often does person act like this?
-Consensus: what are other people doing?
-Distinctiveness: over situation

Front 70

Discounting

Back 70

-Internal
-External: explain why person did something

Front 71

Augmenting

Back 71

-Internal: it should be done
-External: it should not be done

Front 72

Intentionality

Back 72

Why did someone do something, but more importantly what purpose did they have