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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prosocial behaviors
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Actions that are intended to benefit others
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Kin selection
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preferential helping of genetic relatives so that there is greater likelihood that genes held in common will survive
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Reciprocal altruism
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helping someone is in your best interests because it increases the likelihood that you will be helped in return
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What is arousal cost-reward model?
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Emotional (distress) and cognitive factors (people may judge you) determine whether bystanders to an emergency intervene
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What are two components to empathy?
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Empathic concern and perspective taking
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What is a basic factor in promoting positive behavior towards others?
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Empathy
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What is the empathy-altruism hypothesis?
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empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping
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What is the negative state relief model?
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Proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings
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What does the negative state relief model promote?
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Empathic Joy
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What are the five steps to helping in an emergency?
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Noticing
Interpreting Responsibility Decide How to Help Provide Help |
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What is the bystander effect?
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The effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping
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What is stimulus overload?
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The idea that people who live in large cities tune out sirens, screams, etc. because they are used to them.
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What is pluralistic ignorance?
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The state in which people mistakenly believe that their own thoughts and feelings are different to those of others, even when everyone's behavior is the same
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What is the diffusion of responsibility?
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The belief that others will or should take responsibility in providing assistance to a person in need.
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What study highlights the principle of noticing in the cognitive decision model?
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NY subway versus NY airport
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What study highlights the principle of interpreting?
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Columbia smoke study
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What is audience inhibition?
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Reluctance to help because you fear you will make a bad impression on others around you
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How should a person get help in a crowd?
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Assign individuals to help you through eye contact.
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What study highlighted the idea of getting help in a crowd?
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NY Jones Beach radio study
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Why are urban areas locations in which people are less likely to help?
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In a city you are more likely to have a heterogeneous population, so you are less likely to get help because there is less similarity among people.
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Which type of culture is positively associated with direct, non-serious, spontaneous help?
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Collectivist cultures
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Which type of culture helps more in an abstract way?
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Individualisitic culture
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What is the good mood effect?
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When we are happy, we are helpful.
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When are you more likely to help if you are in a bad mood?
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When you feel guilty
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What is an important variable for moods and helping?
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Whether or not people accept responsibility for their bad feelings
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What are social norms?
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A general rule of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval.
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What are three important social norms?
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Norm of reciprocity
Norm of equity Norm of social responsibility |
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What is the norm of reciprocity?
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When someone helps you you should help them back
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What is the norm of equity?
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When someone who is overbenefitted, should someone who is underbenefitted.
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What is the norm of social responsibility?
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A moral standard emphasizing that people should help those who need assistance.
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What are some characteristics consistent with the idea of altruistic personality?
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Advanced moral reasoning
Empathy |
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What are two principles that relate to helping others?
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Similarity and closeness
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What is something that violates similarity?
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Within race altruism is highly inconsistent.
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What is the threat to self-esteem model?
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reactions to receiving assistance depend on whether help is perceived as supportive or threatening
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What are the three conditions for the threat to self-esteem model?
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1) Individuals with high self-esteem react more threatening
2) Being helped by someone close to you highlights the recipients need and the competence of the provider. 3) The type of relationship - if you are really close you may see it as threatening in comparison to a stranger - and the area if it is something you are good at, you will feel incompentent. |
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What is equity and altruism?
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Sometimes you don't want to receive help because you feel like you have to help them back.
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What is the belief in a just world?
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A belief that people get what they deserve
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What is the terror management theory?
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The idea that we help people in order to decrease the fear of death.
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What is the need for affiliation?
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The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships.
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What is shyness?
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The paralyzing fear of rejection that inhibits people from making conversation with others.
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What is loneliness?
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The feeling of deprivation about existing social relations.
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What are the four types of similarity?
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Demographic
Attitude Matching Similarity in subjective experience |
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What is the complimentary hypothesis?
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People seek others whose needs "oppose" their own.
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What is reciprocity?
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A mutual exchange between what we give and what we receive.
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What is the hard to get hypothesis?
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The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available.
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What are intimate relationships?
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Close relationships characterized by psychological reliance, interdependence and emotional attachment.
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What is the social exchange theory?
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The idea that we seek to minimize costs and maximize benefits of a relationship.
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What is equity?
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People are more satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners.
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What is equality?
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When people stop paying attention to the ratio of costs to rewards and just focus on the rewards.
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What is commitment?
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How far ahead can you make plans with this person.
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What are the three components to Davis' passion?
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physiological arousal
fascination exclusivity |
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What is the "seven-year itch"?
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The notion that marital satisfaction tends to decline after the first and seven years of marriage.
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What is one way in which couples can rejuvenate a failing relationship?
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Engage in new experiences together.
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What is overhelping?
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Help another more than they want or offer to help more then the recipient needs.
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What is courageous resistance?
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Helping with constant and exhausting demands with mental and physical negative effects.
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What is the empathy-altruism hypothesis?
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Empathic concern for a person produces an altruistic motive for helping.
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What are the two components to empathy?
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Perspective taking and empathetic concern
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What is the negative state relief model?
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The proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings.
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When are bystanders more likely to help?
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When they feel competent.
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What is audience inhibition?
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Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers.
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Why are people of lower status sometimes more helpful?
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Because they are not so busy with their own concerns and engagements.
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What are two variables that predict helping?
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Economic status and concern with the social well-being of others
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What is the attribution for responsibility?
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accidential injury or trying to get homework done - more likely to help
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What is the relationship between closeness and helping?
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Those in a communal relationship feel mutual responsibility for each other's needs.
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Who does more helping men or women?
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Men - b/c this is where the research is based
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Who does emergency helping?
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Men
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Who does helping in the form of social support?
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Women
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What is the threat to self-esteem model?
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Reactions to receiving assistance depend on whether help is seen as supportive or threatening.
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What is aggression?
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Behavior intended to harm another person
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What is emotional aggression?
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Aggression that intends to cause physical or emotional pain.
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What is instrumental aggression?
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Aggression that intends to obtain something.
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Which group has the greatest level of violent crime involvement?
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Young adults
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What are some characteristics that make people more susceptible to aggressive behaviors?
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irritability
emotional susceptibility narcissism implusivity |
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What is the death instinct?
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An unconscious desire to escape the tensions of living by dying
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What is the life instinct?
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Motivates humans to preserve and reproduce themselves.
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What is violence?
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Extreme acts of aggression.
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What is anger?
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Strong feeling of displeasure.
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What are some examples of nonviolent cultures?
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Hudderites
Mennenites Amish |
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According to Lorenz, why might aggression be beneficial?
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Because it secures an advantage in the struggle to survive.
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According to evolutionary psychology, why are males so aggressive?
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They seek attractive females to maintain status and preserve genes.
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In evolutionary psychology, why do females aggress?
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To protect their offspring
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What is an interesting theory about aggression?
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Finger length and aggression levels.
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What is the social learning theory?
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Behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through direct experience
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What is an example of the culture of honor?
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Southerners are more likely than northerners to believe a man can kill and defend his family/house.
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How does serotonin affect aggression?
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Lower levels lead to greater aggression.
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How can family life increase aggression?
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Corporal punishment increases likelihood of aggression.
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What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
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frustration always elicits motive to aggress and all aggression is caused by frustration
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What is displacement?
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Aggressing against a substitute target because of aggressive acts against the source are inhibited by fear
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What is catharsis?
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A reduction aggression via another outlet
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What is the theory behind catharsis?
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a reduction in physiological arousal is followed by a reduction in aggression and anger
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What is scapegoating?
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Blaming a minority group or groups for the problems overall society is facing.
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What is the arousal-affect model?
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Aggression is influenced by the intensity of arousal and the type of emotion produced by a stimulus.
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What is the cognitive neoassociation model?
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unpleasant experiences create negative affect which stimulates associations connected with anger and fear
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What is the weapons effect?
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Tendency of weapons to increase the likelihood of aggression by their mere presence.
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What is the hostile attribution bias?
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Tendency to see hostile intent in others.
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What is desensitization?
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Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to stimulus
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What is cultivation?
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Process by which the media constructs a version of reality for the public.
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What are superordinate goals?
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Mutual goals that can only be achieved through cooperation among individuals and groups
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What is the realistic conflict theory?
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The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.
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What is relative deprivation?
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Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others.
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What is the contact hypothesis?
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The idea that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions.
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What is the jigsaw classroom?
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Cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice.
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What is a social dilemma?
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Self-interested choice creates the worst outcome for everyone
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What is a resource dilemma?
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Social dilemmas concerning how two or more people share a limited resource
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What are the two types of resource dilemmas?
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common and public goods
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What are common good dilemmas?
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If people take as much as they want of a limited resource that does not replenish iteself
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What are public goods dilemmas?
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All individuals are supposed to contribute
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What is an integrative agreement?
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A negotiated resolution in a conflict from which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have been obtained from an equal division of a contested resources.
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What does GRIT stand for?
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graduated and reciprocated intiatiatives in tension reduction
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What is GRIT?
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persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties.
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What is mitigating information?
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Information about a person's situation indicating that he or she should not be held responsible for aggressive actions.
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What are the effects of nonviolent pornography?
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Negative emotional response and arousal heightened by alarm
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Who is more likely to react to pornography exposure?
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Men who have already been predisposed to sexually offend
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What increases the likelihood of violent pornography influencing aggression?
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If the women seem to enjoy being victimized.
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What was the most surprising result of the 1975 and 1985 national survey on aggression?
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That there was a high level of wife-to-husband violence
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Who tend to be in greater danger from abuse?
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Females because males are so much stronger
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How many children face abuse?
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Over 3 million
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What are some factors that can contribute to child abuse?
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SES
martial conflict social isolation stressful experiences |
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What is the prisoner's dilemma?
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Competitive moves are more beneficial to either side, but if both try to be competitive they end up losing out
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What is the game theory?
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A phenomenon you can study in the lab with aggression
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What is the outcome of the game theory?
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Competition
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What is a zero sum split outcome?
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A winner takes all situation
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What is a non zero sum outcome?
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Both sides get something, so there is not as much violence
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Which outcome has more violence zero sum split or non zero sum?
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Zero sum split
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What are the rules in the game theory?
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1) How many moves
2) What are legitimate moves 3) Communication or not 4) Take turns or simultaneous |
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How does communication affect the game theory outcomes?
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It produces better rewards for everyone involved.
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What are two situations that highlight the cultural differences in aggression?
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Spanish men in the 19th century and prisoners that demand huge personal space
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What is the frustration-aggression model?
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You get aroused as a result of getting frustrated and then your goal is blocked so either you keep going towards the goal or you displace your frustration elsewhere.
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In aggression, what is the role of social interaction?
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How much you care about the person and the issue will help you decide to fight or flight.
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When does flight or fight work best?
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In stranger relationships
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What are the four aggression model options?
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supress
withdrawr compromise attack |
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What makes marriages successful in terms of conflict?
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refusal to engage
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What is gunnysacking?
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The movement from relatively light insults to more personal comments and other people may become involved.
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What can you do to decrease aggression?
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Time delay
Catharsis |
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With third party negotiation, what are some techniques that can be used to decrease conflict?
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Set a time limit
Arrange common goals Organize the arguments Be the common enemy |
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What issue underlines the idea of organizing couples' arguments?
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The expectancy of competence.
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How do pet names develop?
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The longer you have been with the person
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Where were romantic partners most likely to meet?
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At social occassions or through mutual friends
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