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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what ways do a baby's weight and height change in the first two years? |
Weight doubles by 4 months, and triples by a year. A baby grows 10 inches in a year. By two years children should weight almost 28 pounds and have added another 4 inches. Typically 2-year-olds are half their adult height, four times heavier than they were at birth. |
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Describe the process of communication within the central nervous system. |
Nerve cells are neurons. Most thinking, feeling, sensing occur in the cortex. |
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Why is pruning an essential part of brain development? |
It enables the brain to develop in accord with the sociocultral context. The loss of dendrites increases brainpower. Too little and too much pruning create problems. |
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What should caregivers remember about brain development when an infant cries. |
The prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped in infancy, the brain is not yet under thoughtful control. For instance, it is useless to insist that an infant stop crying: Babies are too immature to decide to stop crying. |
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How does a baby's sleep patterns change over the first 18 months? |
Newborns sleep 15 to 17 hours a day, in one to three hour segments. In the first months is 14 and a fourth hours, the next three months 13 and a four, for 6 to 17 months its 12 and three fourths hours. |
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What is the relationship among perception, sensation, and cognition? |
Perception follows sensation, when sensory stimuli are interpreted in the brain. Then cognition follows perception, when people think about what they have perceived. |
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How does an infant's vision change over the first three months? |
Newborns are legally blind. Vision improves rapidly. Achieve binocular vision around 2 - 4 months old. |
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Describe how an infant's gross motor skills develop over the first year. |
By 3 months most can sit supported, by 6 months most can sit without support. Once they learn to walk the practice a lot and fall a lot. |
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Describe how a baby's hand skills develop over the first two years. |
During first 2 months babies excitedly stare and wave their arms at objects in dangling reach. By three months they can usually touch such objects, but they cannot yet grab and hold on to that object unless placed in their hand. By 4 months they sometimes grab but timing is off. 6 months they can reach grab and grasp almost any object that is of the right size. |
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Why has there been a decrease in infant mortality rates? What other measures could lead to a further decrease? |
Public health measures such as clean water, nourishing food, immunization. When parents expect every newborn to live they have less children. If public health professional were more available the current infant death rate would be cut in half. |
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What is the purpose of immunization? |
It protects from temporary sickness or death but also from complications, including deafness, blindness, sterility, and meningitis. |
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In what ways does herd immunity save lives? |
The disease does not spread to those who are vulnerable. So it prevents some community members from dying of childhood disease. |
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Why has the rate of immunization in the U.S. decreased over the past decade? |
Parents are concerned with the potential side effects of vaccines. |
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What are the reasons for and against breast-feeding until a child is at least 1 year old? |
It provides antibodies and decreases allergies and asthma. Disease protection continues lifelong. Its better for the brain. |
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In what ways does malnutrition affect infants and children? |
They have stunted growth and wasting. Their brains may not develop normally. They have no body reserves to protect them against common diseases. They may get specific disease from malnutrition. |
