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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
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A formal operation allowing one to reason logically about abstract thinking.
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What is the most common way of evaluating hypothetico-deductive reasoning?
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The Pendulum Task;
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What are some advantages to the formal operations stage?
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Complex thought, Identity formation, and understanding others.
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What are some disadvantages to the formal operations stage?
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Confusion, idealism, disrespect for authority and invincibility.
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What is adolescent egocentrism?
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The idea of imaginary audiences (everyone is like you) and personal fable (no one can understand you).
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What were some of Piaget's contributions to psychology?
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Founding of cognitive development as a discipline, emphasis of active explorations, explained development and great heuristic value.
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What are some challenges to Piaget's reasoning?
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Competance versus performance (whether kids can actually understand the tasks, rather than just perform them); questioning of cognitive development as a stage theory (we see too much variability); little attention to social and cultural influences;
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What is relativistic thinking?
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There are no absolutes in life - the less you realize that you know; you come to this realization in postformal thought;
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What are cohort effects?
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Different life effects and life opportunities that arise from the development of an individual;
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What is a predictor of Alzheimer's Disease?
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Mild cognitive impairment - forgetting with age: blockage: you know you know something;
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What are some potential warning signs for adults with memory problems?
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When memory is getting progressively worse; interference with daily activity; forgetting how to use something (like a tool of somesort); others getting worried.
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What causes Alzheimer's Disease?
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Tangles in the amyloid beta protein, which causes damage to the neurons that project to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex; leads to hippocampal shrinkage;
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What environmental qualities can reduce the potential effects of aging?
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Increased physical activity can ensure increased blood flow to the brain; a proper diet - well-balanced and avoiding toxins; mentally stimulating activities such as crosswords;
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What is the name of Lev Vygotsky's theory?
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The Sociocultural Perspective.
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What is the zone of proximal development?
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Range of tasks that are too complex to be masted alone, but you can achieve them with guidence from skilled partners; such as math problems and other puzzles.
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What did Vygotsky believe are the tools of intellectual development?
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Methods of thinking and strategies that children internalize with more competant members of society in close range.
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What were Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on language?
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Piaget thought that language reflected cognitive levels, and that egocentric speech is a sign of immaturity; Vygotsky thought that languge influences our cognitive development, and he thought that private speehc to oneself helps us figure out a problem.
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On what grounds did Vygotsky challenge Piaget?
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The idea that cognitive development is not universal; cognitive growth stems from social interaction; adults are critical for change - but adults who are incompetant can undermine cognitive development;
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What is arbitraryness?
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The fact that we all agree on what words are - a tree is a tree, etc.
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What does it mean that language is generative?
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The fact that even if you haven't heard a sentance before, you can still understand it.
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What is displacement?
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The fact that you can talk about items that don't exist; you can transfer knowledge to next generation;
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What is joint attention?
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The fact that someone can point to something and you know what they are talking about;
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Who were the individuals who studied language?
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Steven Pinker (Luxurious Flowing Hair Club for Scientists) and Noam Chomsky;
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What is the language acquisition device?
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The natural way of making sense of language stimuli; language understanding is something that we are born with;
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What evidence is there that language exists in our genetics?
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It is species specific - only humans have it; difficult to get language "wrong"; we have an anatomy that is structured to lend itself to the ability of language; HOWEVER - you need to acquire language in a critical period;
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What is the wug test?
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The fact that we can work with novel ideas and you know the right sentance structure from a young age.
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What can help a child figure out speech?
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Child-directive speech (motherese, fatherese) - high pitched, repetitive, simple sentances that can influence children; prosodic features - stressing certain sounds that are picked up from adults can help children figure out words' meanings;
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What case illustrates the necessity of socialization in young children?
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Genie - social deprivation for 12 years, she had little progress gramatically, and little left hemisphere activity (where the language department is located)
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What is the thought on 2nd language learning?
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The fact that there is more overlap in bilingual brains - so using multiple areas;
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What happens to children who face brain damage?
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They regain abilities more easily than adults do; males 15-24 are the other risk levels;
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When is the main focus on self?
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In adolescence;
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What did William James say about the self?
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It is the most puzzling puzzle in all of psychology - where is it? when does it develop?
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What is the self?
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The lens through which we view the world;
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Why is the question tell me about yourself difficult to answer?
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Because people are so multi-faceted, and so this question is easier when it is context-specific;
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What is self concept?
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The development of own attributes and traits; both negative and positive.
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What is self complexity?
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The need to have multiple aspects to your life and then look into the future; the higher your self complexity, the healthier you are psychologically;
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What did Erikson view as the main challenge in the stage entitled Identity vs. Role Confusion?
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Figuring out where one fits in, and integrating different aspects of the self into a coherent whole, appreciating own idiosyncrasies;
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What did Marcia believe were the steps to developing a sense of self?
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Developing one's own values, sexuality and job.
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What are the four categories in which Marcia placed adolescents?
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Diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure and achievement.
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Which category for adolescents is the most unhealthy?
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Foreclosure - you have not settled down for yourself - no crisis, but commitment made;
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What are the influences on self development?
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Cognitive growth (formal operations stage - reflexive thought); relationship with parents (questionning, but supportive); experience outside the home (peers that challenge you in a non-threatening way); broader cultural context (considering the global community and incorporating this into yourself)
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When choosing mentors, what do you need to be careful of?
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The "superstar" complex - if you choose someone more accomplished than you, you may be stretching yourself too far;
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What is a protective measure for your life?
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Self complexity - if one thing fails, you don't have anything else otherwise;
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What are the three ideal selves that are identified by Markus and Nurius?
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Ideal - What you would like to be/do; actual - what you are right now; ought - what you should be/do;
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What discepincies can exist in identity formation?
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If you set your ideals too high, you may wind up with depression.
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What is the test for self-recognition?
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The "rouge test" - all by 2 years of age;
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What is the categorical self?
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Toddlers can characterize themself by gender, age, etc.
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When does personality develop by?
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Two years of age - own preferneces and own understanding has been developed;
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What does joint attention require us to do?
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Appreciate perspective, even though you have shared sight of an object;
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What are the two sectors of William James' I vs. me?
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The public self (me) - sense of self as an object of evaluation; the private self (thse sense of self as a knower - act and exert impact)
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When do qualitative differences arise about personalities?
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At age 10.
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What is self esteem, according to Susan Harter?
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Judgement of one's own self-worth; function of performance;
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What does general self-esteem break down into?
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-physical appearance
-fitness - social competance - academic competance |
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What is animism?
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Attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects.
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What is egocentrism?
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View world from own perspective, while failing to recognize other's point of view - child does not have ability to recognize other perspectives yet.
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What two operations do you need to succeed at conservation?
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Decentration and reversibility/
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What is decentration?
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When an individual must focus on more than one aspect of something.
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What does Deloache's experiments with Snoopy show?
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The child sees the minature Snoopy as a separate object, rather than the smaller version of something real.
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What can imaginary friends do for children?
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They might allow greater cognitive advantages.
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What are some benefits of pretend play?
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Children create scenarios at their own will; "as if" thinking is a precursor to theory of mind; facilitates growth in thinking.
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What occurs during concete operational stage?
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Class inclusion (not just apples or fruit, apples can count as fruit); conservation (reversibility and decentration); mental seriation; transitivity.
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What does the eye study show about Piaget's theory?
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That CO children would put the third eye on the forehead, but FO children are willing to place it elsewhere on their bodies.
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What is displacement?
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The idea that language can be applied to thing that don't even exist, but we can still understand it.
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What is pragmatics?
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Rules that specify how language is used appropriately in different social contexts.
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What is semantics?
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Language that concerns the meanings of words - required to interpret sentances, paragraphs, books, etc.
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What is morphology?
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Rules for forming words from sounds;
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What are the names of the basic units of sound in a given language?
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Phonemes.
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What is cooing?
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Repeating vowel sounds at six to eight weeks.
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What is babbling?
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Repeating consonant-vowel combinations.
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According to Piaget, babbling would be an example of what sort of reaction?
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Primary circular reaction, because repeating because they have the pleasure of doing so.
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What are holophrases and when do they develop?
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Normally around one years of age; a word conveys a meanings worth of sentance.
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What is telegraphic speech?
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When two or more words come together to form a sentance;
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If a child used doggie to describe all four legged animals, this child is making an error known as?
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Overextention.
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If a child used doggie to only describe his household dog, this child is making an error known as what?
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Underextension.
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What is metalinguistic awareness?
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The appreciation of a language as a system, allowing for the ability to reflect about a language.
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What does Broca's area control?
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Speaking with the frontal lobe.
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What does Wernicke's area relate to?
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Speech recognition.
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What are three aspects of temperment?
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Emotionality, activity and sociability.
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What is the looking glass self?
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Understanding of self as a reflection of how other people respond to us. (Cooley)
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How old is a child before he/she recognises themself?
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2 yo.
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What plays a role in developing self-esteem?
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Parenting, peers, cultural influences and race/ethnic groups.
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What is the problem with studying the self?
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The information we have is all self-reported.
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What describes self-descriptions over time?
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They become less physical and more psychological.
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What is gender typing?
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Children become aware that they are males and females, and then they acquire motives, values, and patterns of behavior that their culture considers appropriate.
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What is communality?
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The center of the feminine role - emotionality and sensitivity to others.
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What is agency?
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The center aspect of males' role; orientation to individual action and achievement.
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What is the social role hypothesis?
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Suggests that there are differences in the roles that men and women play in society which do alot to creat and maintain gender stereotypes.
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