Psy 241 Quiz 3

Front 1

What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Back 1

A formal operation allowing one to reason logically about abstract thinking.

Front 2

What is the most common way of evaluating hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Back 2

The Pendulum Task;

Front 3

What are some advantages to the formal operations stage?

Back 3

Complex thought, Identity formation, and understanding others.

Front 4

What are some disadvantages to the formal operations stage?

Back 4

Confusion, idealism, disrespect for authority and invincibility.

Front 5

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Back 5

The idea of imaginary audiences (everyone is like you) and personal fable (no one can understand you).

Front 6

What were some of Piaget's contributions to psychology?

Back 6

Founding of cognitive development as a discipline, emphasis of active explorations, explained development and great heuristic value.

Front 7

What are some challenges to Piaget's reasoning?

Back 7

Competance versus performance (whether kids can actually understand the tasks, rather than just perform them); questioning of cognitive development as a stage theory (we see too much variability); little attention to social and cultural influences;

Front 8

What is relativistic thinking?

Back 8

There are no absolutes in life - the less you realize that you know; you come to this realization in postformal thought;

Front 9

What are cohort effects?

Back 9

Different life effects and life opportunities that arise from the development of an individual;

Front 10

What is a predictor of Alzheimer's Disease?

Back 10

Mild cognitive impairment - forgetting with age: blockage: you know you know something;

Front 11

What are some potential warning signs for adults with memory problems?

Back 11

When memory is getting progressively worse; interference with daily activity; forgetting how to use something (like a tool of somesort); others getting worried.

Front 12

What causes Alzheimer's Disease?

Back 12

Tangles in the amyloid beta protein, which causes damage to the neurons that project to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex; leads to hippocampal shrinkage;

Front 13

What environmental qualities can reduce the potential effects of aging?

Back 13

Increased physical activity can ensure increased blood flow to the brain; a proper diet - well-balanced and avoiding toxins; mentally stimulating activities such as crosswords;

Front 14

What is the name of Lev Vygotsky's theory?

Back 14

The Sociocultural Perspective.

Front 15

What is the zone of proximal development?

Back 15

Range of tasks that are too complex to be masted alone, but you can achieve them with guidence from skilled partners; such as math problems and other puzzles.

Front 16

What did Vygotsky believe are the tools of intellectual development?

Back 16

Methods of thinking and strategies that children internalize with more competant members of society in close range.

Front 17

What were Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on language?

Back 17

Piaget thought that language reflected cognitive levels, and that egocentric speech is a sign of immaturity; Vygotsky thought that languge influences our cognitive development, and he thought that private speehc to oneself helps us figure out a problem.

Front 18

On what grounds did Vygotsky challenge Piaget?

Back 18

The idea that cognitive development is not universal; cognitive growth stems from social interaction; adults are critical for change - but adults who are incompetant can undermine cognitive development;

Front 19

What is arbitraryness?

Back 19

The fact that we all agree on what words are - a tree is a tree, etc.

Front 20

What does it mean that language is generative?

Back 20

The fact that even if you haven't heard a sentance before, you can still understand it.

Front 21

What is displacement?

Back 21

The fact that you can talk about items that don't exist; you can transfer knowledge to next generation;

Front 22

What is joint attention?

Back 22

The fact that someone can point to something and you know what they are talking about;

Front 23

Who were the individuals who studied language?

Back 23

Steven Pinker (Luxurious Flowing Hair Club for Scientists) and Noam Chomsky;

Front 24

What is the language acquisition device?

Back 24

The natural way of making sense of language stimuli; language understanding is something that we are born with;

Front 25

What evidence is there that language exists in our genetics?

Back 25

It is species specific - only humans have it; difficult to get language "wrong"; we have an anatomy that is structured to lend itself to the ability of language; HOWEVER - you need to acquire language in a critical period;

Front 26

What is the wug test?

Back 26

The fact that we can work with novel ideas and you know the right sentance structure from a young age.

Front 27

What can help a child figure out speech?

Back 27

Child-directive speech (motherese, fatherese) - high pitched, repetitive, simple sentances that can influence children; prosodic features - stressing certain sounds that are picked up from adults can help children figure out words' meanings;

Front 28

What case illustrates the necessity of socialization in young children?

Back 28

Genie - social deprivation for 12 years, she had little progress gramatically, and little left hemisphere activity (where the language department is located)

Front 29

What is the thought on 2nd language learning?

Back 29

The fact that there is more overlap in bilingual brains - so using multiple areas;

Front 30

What happens to children who face brain damage?

Back 30

They regain abilities more easily than adults do; males 15-24 are the other risk levels;

Front 31

When is the main focus on self?

Back 31

In adolescence;

Front 32

What did William James say about the self?

Back 32

It is the most puzzling puzzle in all of psychology - where is it? when does it develop?

Front 33

What is the self?

Back 33

The lens through which we view the world;

Front 34

Why is the question tell me about yourself difficult to answer?

Back 34

Because people are so multi-faceted, and so this question is easier when it is context-specific;

Front 35

What is self concept?

Back 35

The development of own attributes and traits; both negative and positive.

Front 36

What is self complexity?

Back 36

The need to have multiple aspects to your life and then look into the future; the higher your self complexity, the healthier you are psychologically;

Front 37

What did Erikson view as the main challenge in the stage entitled Identity vs. Role Confusion?

Back 37

Figuring out where one fits in, and integrating different aspects of the self into a coherent whole, appreciating own idiosyncrasies;

Front 38

What did Marcia believe were the steps to developing a sense of self?

Back 38

Developing one's own values, sexuality and job.

Front 39

What are the four categories in which Marcia placed adolescents?

Back 39

Diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure and achievement.

Front 40

Which category for adolescents is the most unhealthy?

Back 40

Foreclosure - you have not settled down for yourself - no crisis, but commitment made;

Front 41

What are the influences on self development?

Back 41

Cognitive growth (formal operations stage - reflexive thought); relationship with parents (questionning, but supportive); experience outside the home (peers that challenge you in a non-threatening way); broader cultural context (considering the global community and incorporating this into yourself)

Front 42

When choosing mentors, what do you need to be careful of?

Back 42

The "superstar" complex - if you choose someone more accomplished than you, you may be stretching yourself too far;

Front 43

What is a protective measure for your life?

Back 43

Self complexity - if one thing fails, you don't have anything else otherwise;

Front 44

What are the three ideal selves that are identified by Markus and Nurius?

Back 44

Ideal - What you would like to be/do; actual - what you are right now; ought - what you should be/do;

Front 45

What discepincies can exist in identity formation?

Back 45

If you set your ideals too high, you may wind up with depression.

Front 46

What is the test for self-recognition?

Back 46

The "rouge test" - all by 2 years of age;

Front 47

What is the categorical self?

Back 47

Toddlers can characterize themself by gender, age, etc.

Front 48

When does personality develop by?

Back 48

Two years of age - own preferneces and own understanding has been developed;

Front 49

What does joint attention require us to do?

Back 49

Appreciate perspective, even though you have shared sight of an object;

Front 50

What are the two sectors of William James' I vs. me?

Back 50

The public self (me) - sense of self as an object of evaluation; the private self (thse sense of self as a knower - act and exert impact)

Front 51

When do qualitative differences arise about personalities?

Back 51

At age 10.

Front 52

What is self esteem, according to Susan Harter?

Back 52

Judgement of one's own self-worth; function of performance;

Front 53

What does general self-esteem break down into?

Back 53

-physical appearance
-fitness
- social competance
- academic competance

Front 54

What is animism?

Back 54

Attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects.

Front 55

What is egocentrism?

Back 55

View world from own perspective, while failing to recognize other's point of view - child does not have ability to recognize other perspectives yet.

Front 56

What two operations do you need to succeed at conservation?

Back 56

Decentration and reversibility/

Front 57

What is decentration?

Back 57

When an individual must focus on more than one aspect of something.

Front 58

What does Deloache's experiments with Snoopy show?

Back 58

The child sees the minature Snoopy as a separate object, rather than the smaller version of something real.

Front 59

What can imaginary friends do for children?

Back 59

They might allow greater cognitive advantages.

Front 60

What are some benefits of pretend play?

Back 60

Children create scenarios at their own will; "as if" thinking is a precursor to theory of mind; facilitates growth in thinking.

Front 61

What occurs during concete operational stage?

Back 61

Class inclusion (not just apples or fruit, apples can count as fruit); conservation (reversibility and decentration); mental seriation; transitivity.

Front 62

What does the eye study show about Piaget's theory?

Back 62

That CO children would put the third eye on the forehead, but FO children are willing to place it elsewhere on their bodies.

Front 63

What is displacement?

Back 63

The idea that language can be applied to thing that don't even exist, but we can still understand it.

Front 64

What is pragmatics?

Back 64

Rules that specify how language is used appropriately in different social contexts.

Front 65

What is semantics?

Back 65

Language that concerns the meanings of words - required to interpret sentances, paragraphs, books, etc.

Front 66

What is morphology?

Back 66

Rules for forming words from sounds;

Front 67

What are the names of the basic units of sound in a given language?

Back 67

Phonemes.

Front 68

What is cooing?

Back 68

Repeating vowel sounds at six to eight weeks.

Front 69

What is babbling?

Back 69

Repeating consonant-vowel combinations.

Front 70

According to Piaget, babbling would be an example of what sort of reaction?

Back 70

Primary circular reaction, because repeating because they have the pleasure of doing so.

Front 71

What are holophrases and when do they develop?

Back 71

Normally around one years of age; a word conveys a meanings worth of sentance.

Front 72

What is telegraphic speech?

Back 72

When two or more words come together to form a sentance;

Front 73

If a child used doggie to describe all four legged animals, this child is making an error known as?

Back 73

Overextention.

Front 74

If a child used doggie to only describe his household dog, this child is making an error known as what?

Back 74

Underextension.

Front 75

What is metalinguistic awareness?

Back 75

The appreciation of a language as a system, allowing for the ability to reflect about a language.

Front 76

What does Broca's area control?

Back 76

Speaking with the frontal lobe.

Front 77

What does Wernicke's area relate to?

Back 77

Speech recognition.

Front 78

What are three aspects of temperment?

Back 78

Emotionality, activity and sociability.

Front 79

What is the looking glass self?

Back 79

Understanding of self as a reflection of how other people respond to us. (Cooley)

Front 80

How old is a child before he/she recognises themself?

Back 80

2 yo.

Front 81

What plays a role in developing self-esteem?

Back 81

Parenting, peers, cultural influences and race/ethnic groups.

Front 82

What is the problem with studying the self?

Back 82

The information we have is all self-reported.

Front 83

What describes self-descriptions over time?

Back 83

They become less physical and more psychological.

Front 84

What is gender typing?

Back 84

Children become aware that they are males and females, and then they acquire motives, values, and patterns of behavior that their culture considers appropriate.

Front 85

What is communality?

Back 85

The center of the feminine role - emotionality and sensitivity to others.

Front 86

What is agency?

Back 86

The center aspect of males' role; orientation to individual action and achievement.

Front 87

What is the social role hypothesis?

Back 87

Suggests that there are differences in the roles that men and women play in society which do alot to creat and maintain gender stereotypes.