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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is empiricism and why is it important to scientific research?
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Empiricism is knowledge that is based on observation. It is important because science must be evaluated on the basis of results from scientific investigations.
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What is a hypothesis?
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A statement that makes an assertion about what is true in a particular situation; often, a statement asserting that two or more variables are related to one another.
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How does a hypothesis differ from a theory?
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A theory has been proven, a hypothesis is a simple educated guess that has not yet been tested.
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short summary of:
-hypotheses -study methodology -statistical analysis used -results -keywords at bottom of abstract |
Abstract
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What are the two important functions of theories?
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Theories organize and explain specific facts or descriptions about behavior.
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-statement of problem
-importance of problem -thematic review of past research -short overview of proposed research |
Introduction/ Literature Review
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-divided into three sections
1. participants 2. stimuli/apparatus (talk about all the stimuli to which people are exposed) 3. procedure (Data analysis) |
Method
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How are findings presented in the results section?
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1) In descriptive from
2) In statistical language 3) depicted in tables and graphs *provides results only, no discussion of them in this section |
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hypothesis restated
compare your results to prediction of hypothesis alternative explanations critique What section of a research article? |
Discussion
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What is basic research?
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It answers fundamental questions and addresses theoretical issues (applied addresses practical issues)
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What is the IRB?
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International Review Board: There must be one for every institution that does research.
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When must research be reviewed by the IRB?
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Minimal risk research and greater than minimal risk research must be reviewed by the IRB.
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Theory
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provide predictions that can be tested
*derived from empirical research, contain statements about laws that are bases of behavior |
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Minimal Risk Research
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risk encountered by participants is not greater than those encountered in daily life
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Greater than Minimal Risk Research
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any researcher that has greater than minimal risk is subject to through review by the IRB
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Operational Definition
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strictly defining variables into measurable factors. This is important so an experiment can be reproduced.
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Hypothetical Construct
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vague, abstract construct. Something you cant see. example: motivation, anxiety
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Inductive
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there is no research already on it, you make an observation and create a hypothesis
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Deductive
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There is already research and observations so you
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What are ethics?
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common set of principles for moral behavior.
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What type of variable is categorized/discrete? and what type of variable is continuous?
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Categorized/ Discrete: IV
Continuous: Dependent |
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Are confounding variables good or bad?
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BAD
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What is a confound?
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A confound changes conditions at the same time as the independent variable.
They are bad because you cant tell if it was the IV that made the dependent variable change or if it was the confound |
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______ variables we control, ______ variables you have to get rid of
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extraneous, confounds
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What is an extraneous variable?
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an extraneous variable is one which is not part of the experimental situation: i
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minimum number of levels for IV
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3 levels
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What are some common dependent variables?
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response time and accuracy
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each change in X(IV) is accompanied by a corresponding change in Y (DV)
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Linear Relationship
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Change in X (IV) is accompanied by a different change in Y (DV)
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Non-Linear Relationship
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What are the advantages of multiple methods?
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It provides convergent validity
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Convergent Validity
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a type of validity that means all measures indicate the same thing
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Reliability
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the same result every time
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Sensitivity of 100% means..
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test recognizes all true positives and has no false positives
ex: drug sniffing dogs |
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A measure of oxygen uptake used as a measure of teaching style on class performance. How sensitive is this measure?
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This measure is not sensitive because oxygen uptake wont show how teaching style effects class performance
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Reactivity of Measures
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When the process of measuring dates results in changes in people being measured
ex: researcher standing over participants shoulder watching them take a test |
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Reliability
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quality of being consistent and dependable
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How is reliability measured?
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Through a reliability estimate using a correlation coeffient
r= +1, or r=0 or r= -1 |
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Every observed score is made up of what two things?
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true ability+ random error
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What factors affect reliability?
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the amount of measurement error (high error variance =low reliability)
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What type of reliability should you be concerned with in generic measures?
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Test- Retest Reliability
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Test- Re-test Reliability
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See if you get the same result each time
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What are the types of reliability should you concerned with for judgments or ratings?
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Inter-Rater Reliability
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What type of reliability should you be concerned with for physical measures?
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Repeated measurement of fixed quantity
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What type of reliability should you be concerned with for psychological tests or measures?
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-alternative forms
-internal consistency -split half |
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Inter-Rater Reliability
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-must have at LEAST 2 observers
- then the data would be correlated and they are looking for a positive correlation of .80 or higher to see how well the data from each person matches |
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Repeated measurement of fixed quantity
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Measure twice, make sure you get same result.
*check your weight on the scale twice) |
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Alternative Form Reliability
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-Each form of a test must get the same result
-each form should measure the same construct |
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Internal Consistency Reliability
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high internal consistency if all the questions are all related to the same construct.
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reliability is necessary but does NOT ensure accuracy
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reliability is necessary but does NOT ensure accuracy
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Validity
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the extent to which what is meant to be measured is actually measured
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What is the purpose of internal validity?
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It is concerned with reducing error
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Four Scales of Measurement***
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1.Nominal
2.Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio |
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Nominal
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categories, no numerical order possible
* the only way to analyze it is by frequency |
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Ordinal
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involve ranking or rating something
give us some numbers but they dont have equal intervals |
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Interval
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equal between adjacent numbers, no absolute 0
-interval data has no absolute 0 |
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ratio scale
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equal intervals and absolute 0
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internal validity
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strong inferences that one variable caused change in another variable
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construct validity
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does the test measure say what it will measure
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content validity
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adequate sampling of relevant material or content of test
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