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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Theory of mind
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A person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. (Children finally realize not everyone thinks like them) achieved before age 4.
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Childhood egocentrism
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children thinking about the world in their own perspective |
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Theory-theory
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear |
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Vygostky’s theory of early childhood cognitive development
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Children are influenced by social contexts including their mentors and the culture in which they live |
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Piaget’s theory of early childhood cognitive development
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Children use symbolic thought but are illogical and egocentric, limited by appearance and immediate experience |
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Language development in multilingual children
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Language develops rapidly during early childhood (sensory period). If adults talk frequent;y, listen carefully and value both languages. |
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Child Centered Program |
Mostly encourages creativity and artistic ways ex: Montessori School, Reggio Emilia |
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Teacher Directed Program |
goal to make all children ready to learn when they enter elementary. Step by Step learning and repetition |
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Discipline
Physical Punishment
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corporal punishment because it hurts the body succeeds at the moment
ex. spanking |
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Discipline
Psychological Control |
A disciplinary technique that uses children's shame, guilt, and gratitude to control their behavior
Ex. time out (social exclusion), explanation (parents giving lectures) |
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Marshmallow test
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Both children and adults can learn mental distancing techniques to strengthen their self-control. |
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Intrinsic motivation
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A drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person such as the need to feel smart or competent |
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Extrinsic motivation |
A drive or reason to pursue a goal that arises from the need to have your achievements praised and recognized from someone |
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Authoritarian parenting |
What the parents say is law. Strict punishment and little communication |
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Permissive parenting |
nurturing and communicating with the child but little discipline. (Anything can happen)
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Authoritative parenting |
In the middle of authoritarian and permissive. They set rules and regulations but understands their child will fail sometimes (Moderate) |
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Sex differences |
Biological differences between males and females based on organs, hormones, and body |
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gender differences |
differences in the roles and behaviors that is defined by society's culture and environement
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Gender development
Behavioralist
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gender distinction are a product of ongoing reenforcement |
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Gender development
cognitive development |
Simple pre operational thinking leads to gender schemas ( |
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Gender development
Humanist |
stress the powerful need of all humans to belong to their group |
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Gender developement
Evolutionary |
sex and gender differences are crucial for the survival and reproduction of the species |
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Children’s basic needs during middle childhood
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Physical necessities- food, clothing and shelter
Learning- families choose the school, hw and encourage education
Self Respect- give a child a way to shine- sports, art and academics
Peer Relationships- families foster friendships like play dates
Harmony and stability- family provides protection, routine and safe haven |
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Family structure: single, divorced, unmarried, same-sex parents
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single-one parent with a biological children under 18
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Family functioning: supports, challenges
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Nuclear families- best for students to achieve academic and social benefits. Adoptive and same sex parents- function very well.
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Diagnosing disorders |
comorbidity- a presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time in same person
multifinality- one cause can have many final manifestations (demonstration)
equifinality- one symptoms can have many causes |
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ADHD diagnoses |
1.delayed language 2. impaired social responses 3. unusual repetitive play
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Factors that influence physical activity |
+ better overall health less obesity appreciation of cooperation and fair play _ loss of self esteem injuries reinforcement of prejudice |
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Factors that influence obesity |
genes, food preferences, body type, and metaolism |
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Second-language acquisition
immersion |
the school instruction and language is taught in the second language |
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Second-language acquisition
bilingual schooling |
a school and a subject being taught in 2 languages |
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Second-language acquistion
ESL (English as a second language) |
An approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English are placed together in a intensive course so they can be placed in a regular classroom |
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IQ tests |
A test designed to measure intellectual apitude or ability to learn in school |
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Piaget theories of cognitive development middle childhood |
Middle childhood is the time of concrete operational thought, when egocentrism diminishes and logical thinking begins. School aged children can understand classification and conservation |
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Vygotsky theories of cognitive development |
stressed the social context of learning including the specific lessons of schools and learning from peers and adults. Culture affects not only what children learn but also how they learn. |
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Social comparison |
the tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people especially peers |
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Common language errors |
overregulation-application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur making language seem more regular than it actually is. |
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Language development in multilingual |
at school speak one language, advance theory of mind |
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Gender typing |
children become aware and adapt to certain genders. The idea of in order of being a girl you have to wear a dress. |
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gender identity |
your intenral sense of your gender |
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gender expression |
your expressing how your culture defines gender. |
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Gender development |
At age 2, children apply gender labels (Mrs., Mr., lady, man) consistently. By age 4, children are convinced that certain toys (such as dolls or trucks) and roles (not just Daddy or Mommy, but also nurse, teacher, police officer, soldier) are “best suited” for one sex or the other.
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The case of the princess |
girls are being marked at a young age to be princess. Forcing kids to be Backlash 7-9 want to become older and they go to bratz dolls and be sexy. |
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Transgender issues in childhood |
tyler the transgeneder boy. Washington Post |
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Gender role conformity |
girls wanna wear dresses and boys wanna play with toys |
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Martin & Ruble article |
Young children search for cues about gender—who should or should not do a particular activity, who can play with whom, and why girls and boys are different. From a vast array of gendered cues in their social worlds, children quickly form an impressive constellation of gender cognitions, including gender self-conceptions (gender identity) and gender stereotypes. Cognitive perspectives on gender development assume that children actively search for ways to make sense of the social world that surrounds them. Gender identity develops as children realize that they belong to one gender group, and the consequences include increased motivation to be similar to other members of their group, preferences for members of their own group, selective attention to and memory for information relevant to their own sex, and increased interest in activities relevant to their own sex. |
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Dangers & benefits of labeling |
dangers- historical we name it as abnormal 1973. Benefits they get help and it improves their life because the disorder is not helping live their life. |
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Second-language acquisition- |
after sensitive period. It's a little harder to achieve. Good way is to learn another language is immersion. |
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Learning styles |
they don't exisit. Learning is about meaning based and match the meanining to material. Teaching you teach in different ways in order for people to learn |
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Hill & Taylor article |
Developing collaborations between families and schools to promote academic success has a long-standing basis in research and is the focus of numerous programs and policies. |
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aggressive-rejected
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Rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior.
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withdrawn-rejected
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Rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior.
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sOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
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Children want to be liked; they learn faster and feel happier when they have friends.
Friendships become more intense and intimate as social cognition and effortful control advance.
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Bullying |
1. Physical (hitting, pinching, or kicking) 2. Verbal (teasing, taunting, or name-calling) 3. Relational (destroying peer acceptance and friendship) 4. Cyberbullying (using electronic means to harm another)
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Family structure
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refers to the legal and genetic connections among people living in the same household.
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family function |
refers to how a family cares for its members.
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How to determine causation |
you need to do an experiment. Manipulate one variable to see if it really is causation. |
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Experiments & random assignment |
randomly choosing people for study group |
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attachment |
is a lasting emotional bond. Although it is most evident at about age 1, attachment begins before birth and influences relationships throughout life
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working model |
a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences.
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