Psy 215 Final

Front 1

Factorial Matrix

Back 1

Row & column arrangement that characterizes a factorial design & shoows the IVs, the levels of each IV, and the total # of conditions (cells) in the study

Front 2

Notation

Back 2

Simultaneously identifies the # of IVs & the # of levels of each variable

Front 3

Main Effects

Back 3

Statistically significant differences between the levels of an IV in a factorial design

Front 4

Interactions

Back 4

Effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV (crossed on a graph)

Front 5

Independent Groups Design

Back 5

Between-subjects design that uses a manipulated IV and has at least 2 groups of participants; subjects are randomly assigned to the groups

Front 6

Matched Groups Design

Back 6

Between-subjects design that uses a manipulated IV and has at least 2 groups of participants; subjects are matched on some variable assumed to affect the outcome before being randomly assigned to the groups

Front 7

PxE Factorial

Back 7

Factorial design with at least one subject factor (person) and one manipulated (b/w subjects) factor (environmental)

Front 8

Mixed Factorial

Back 8

Factorial design with at least one between-subjects factor and one within-subjects factor

Front 9

Mixed PxE Factorial

Back 9

Mixed design with at least one subject factor and one manipulated (w/in subjects) factor

Front 10

Repeated Measures Factorial

Back 10

a.k.a. within-subjects: participants are tested in each of the experimenter's conditions

Front 11

Nonequivalent Factorial

Back 11

Between-subjects design with at least two groups of participants that uses a subject variable that creates groups that are nonequivalent

Front 12

True Experiments

Back 12

-studies that use manipulated IVs
-participants can be randomly assigned to conditions
-cause & effect relationships can be inferred/established

Front 13

Correlation

Back 13

Exists whenever 2 variables are associated or related to each other in some fashion

Front 14

Coefficient of Determination

Back 14

For 2 correlated factors, the proportion of variance in one factor that can be attributed to the second factor; found by squaring Pearson's r

Front 15

Pearson's r

Back 15

Measure of the size of correlation between 2 variables
0=no correlation

Front 16

Regression Analysis

Back 16

Knowing the size of a correlation and a value for variable X, it is possible to predict a value for variable Y

Front 17

Directionality Problem

Back 17

For a correlation between variables X & Y, it is possible that X is causing Y, but it is also possible that Y is causing X (correlation alone is not enough)

Front 18

Third Variable Problem

Back 18

Problem of drawing casual conclusions in correlational research; 3rd variables are any uncontrolled factors that could underline a correlation between variables X and Y

Front 19

Multiple Regression

Back 19

A multivariate analysis that includes a criterion variable and 2 or more predictor variables; the predictors will have different weights

Front 20

Quasi Experimental Designs

Back 20

Occurs whenever casual conclusions about the effect of an IV cannot be drawn because there is incomplete control over the variables in the study

Front 21

Nonequivalent Control Groups Design

Back 21

Quasi-experimental design in which participants cannot be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups

Front 22

Interrupted Time Series Design

Back 22

Quasi-experimental design in which a program or treatment is evaluated by measuring performance several times prior to the institution of the program and several times after the program has been put into effect

Front 23

Archival Research

Back 23

A descriptive method in which already existing records are examined to test some research hypothesis

Front 24

Program Evaluation

Back 24

A form of applied research that includes a number of research activities designed to evaluate programs from planning to completion

Front 25

Needs Analysis

Back 25

Occurs before a program begins and determines whether the program is needed

Front 26

Formative Evaluation

Back 26

Monitors the functioning of a program while it is operating to determine if it is functioning as planned

Front 27

Summative Evaluation

Back 27

Completed at the close of a program that attempts to determine its effectiveness in solving the problem for which it was planned

Front 28

Cost Effectiveness Analysis

Back 28

Assesses program outcomes in terms of the costs involved in developing, running, and completing the program

Front 29

Naturalistic Observation Study

Back 29

Descriptive research method in which the behavior of people or animals is studied as it occurs in its everyday natural environment

Front 30

Participant Observation Study

Back 30

Descriptive research method in which the behavior of people is studied as it occurs in its everyday natural environment and the researcher becomes a part of the group being observed

Front 31

Problems with Observational Studies

Back 31

-Absence of control
-Observer bias
-Participant reactivity
-Ethical concerns

Front 32

Operational Definitions (observer bias)

Back 32

Definition of a concept or variable in terms of precisely described operations, measures, or procedures

Front 33

Time Sampling

Back 33

A procedure in observational research in which behavior is sampled only during predefined times (i.e. every 10 minutes)

Front 34

Event Sampling

Back 34

A procedure in observational research in which only certain types of behaviors occurring under precisely defined conditions are sampled

Front 35

Probability Sampling

Back 35

Method of selecting research participants according to some systematic sampling procedure (e.g. SRS)

Front 36

Survey Methods

Back 36

-interviews
-phone surveys
-electronic surveys

Front 37

Creating Effective Surveys

Back 37

-pay attention to wording
-ask for demographic info
-balance favorable & unfavorable statements
-pat attention to order of questions (so they aren't leading)
-try survey before using it

Front 38

Individual-Subject Validity

Back 38

The extent to which the general outcome of a research study characterizes the behavior of the individual participants in the study

Front 39

Baseline Phase

Back 39

The initial stage of a small N design, in which the behavior to be changed is monitored to determine its normal rate or response

Front 40

Elements of small N Designs

Back 40

-Target behavior
-baseline phase
-begin treatment

Front 41

A-B Design

Back 41

A=baseline
B=treatment
Confounding factors include history, maturation, even regression...too small

Front 42

A-B-A Design

Back 42

After treatment has been in effect for a while, it is withdrawn

Front 43

A-B-A-B Design

Back 43

Ethical advantage because it ends with a treatment

Front 44

Multiple-baseline Designs

Back 44

Variation on A-B design, in which treatment is introduced sequentially across 2 or more participants, behaviors, or settings

Front 45

Multiple-baseline Across Behavior Designs

Back 45

Effect of an IV on the target behavior of 2 or more participants is studied

Front 46

Multiple-baseline Across Participants Designs

Back 46

Baseline measures of the target are taken for at least 2 participants, but treatment is introduced

Front 47

Multiple-baseline Across Settings Designs

Back 47

Same behavior is measured in different settings and the treatment is introduced at a different time in each study

Front 48

Changing Criterion Design

Back 48

Criterion for receiving reinforcement begins at a modest level and becomes more stringent as the study progresses; used to shape behavior

Front 49

Criticisms of Small N Designs

Back 49

-external validity
-almost no statistical analysis
-can't test adequately for interactive effects

Front 50

Case Study

Back 50

A descriptive method in which an in-depth analysis is made of either a single individual, a single rare event, or an event that clearly exemplifies some phenomenon

Front 51

Pros of Case Studies

Back 51

-detailed analysis
-can provide inductive support, they can suggest hypotheses for further testing with other methods
-rare cases can shed light on normal behaviors

Front 52

Cons of Case Studies

Back 52

-external validity, to generalize to population
-subject to theoretical biases