Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is human development? |
The study of human development is the science that seeks to understand– how and why all kinds of people change over their whole lifespan. development has many influences from the biological, life’s difficulties, to culture and social influences. Development in not linear, it is up and down, forward and backward. |
|
|
nature vs. nurture |
– Nature refers to the influence of genes which we inherit. – Nurture refers to environmental influences, such as |
|
|
• Critical and Sensitive Periods |
– A critical period is a time when certain things must occur for normal development. – A sensitive period is when a particular development occurs most easily. |
|
|
• Studying the Life Span: Five Characteristics: |
• multidirectional—nonlinear progression • multicontextual—a number of contexts historical, socioeconomic, and cultural • multicultural—many cultural settings • multidisciplinary—many academic disciplines contribute data • plasticity—change through the life span |
|
|
life span characteristic: multicontextual |
historical - ones history socioeconomic- education, $$, family relationships cultural- set of values, assumptions, and customs as well as physical objects such as clothing, housing, etc. includes all decisions people makee.g. Who Sleeps with Whom? |
|
|
Butterfly effect |
the idea that a small action or event may set off a series of changes culminating in a major event |
|
|
Ethnic group |
collection of people who share certain attributes, almost always including ancestral heritage and often including national origin, religion, customs, and language |
|
|
life span characteristic: multidisciplinary |
– biosocial– cognitive– psychosocial |
|
|
Developmental Study as a Science |
• Based on objective evidence (objective) • Laden with personal implications and applications (subjective) |
|
|
• Scientific method |
1. formulate a research question 2. develop a hypothesis hypothesis—a specific prediction that is stated in such a way it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted 3. test the hypothesis 4. draw conclusions 5. make findings available • replication—the repetition of a scientific study using the same procedures on another group of participants to verify or refute the original study’s conclusion |
|
|
Research Methods |
– observations - Scientific observation—observing and recording (unbiased) in a systematic way what people do (may be in the natural setting or in a lab) – experiments -—investigation designed to untangle cause from effect – surveys information collected from personal interview, questionnaire, etc. quick and direct way to obtain data – case studies intensive study of one individual or situation |
|
|
correlation and cause |
– Correlation exists between two variables if one variable is more (or less) likely to occur when the other occurs – correlation indicates a connection, but does not specify reason (cause) for it |
|
|
The Experiment |
• Experiment—investigation designed to untangle cause from effect – independent variable—imposed treatment or special condition – dependent variable—specific behavior being studied – experimental group—participants who are given particular treatment– comparison (control) group—participants who are not given special treatment but are similar to experimental group in other relevant ways |
|
|
3 kinds of research |
• Cross-sectional research-research that studies groups differing in age but sharing other important characteristics (education, SES, ethnicity) • Longitudinal research—research that studies individuals over a long period; valuable developmental information from longitudinal studies includes ex: adjustment to divorce • Cross-sequential research—research that studies several groups of people of different ages, then follows those groups longitudinally |
|
|
ethics of research |
– never harm participants either physically or psychologically – explain purposes and procedures of study– secure informed consent – keep data on participants private – allow participants to stop at any time |
|
|
cohort |
- group with same birth year or decade share same historical changes |
