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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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motivation |
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
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drive-reduction theory |
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates us to satisfy the need |
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incentive |
environmental stimuli that attract of repel, depending on individual learning histories |
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physiological need |
basic bodily requirement level is too low |
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homeostasis |
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
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arousal theory |
humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels -anxiety=high arousal -boredom=low arousal |
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arousal effects on performance |
performance peaks at low levels of arousal for difficult tasks , and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks |
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Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow's pyramid of human needs; at the base are the physiological needs. Basic needs must be satisfied before higher level safety needs. |
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Cannon and Washburn |
using a swallowed balloon attached to a recording device, information about feelings of hunger were discovered |
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glucose |
form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. Triggers hunger when low. -Glucose receptors in gut and lateral hypothalamus |
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arcuate nucleus |
pumps appetite influencing hormones (orexin increases hunger) |
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Ghrelin |
hunger-arousing hormones secreted by empty stomach |
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Hunger trigger/suppression |
lateral hypothalamus/arcuate nucleus triggers hunger. ventral-medial hypothalamus suppresses it |
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set point |
point at which your "weight thermostat" is set. when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight |
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basal metabolic rate |
body's resting rate of energy output |
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insulin |
hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose |
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leptin |
protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger |
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orexin |
hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus |
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PYY |
digestive tract hormone; suppresses hunger |
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ostracism |
social exclusion |
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James-Lange Theory |
Arousal comes before emotion;
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
Arousal and emotion happen at the same time - emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses, (2) subjective experience of emotion |
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Schacter-Singer two-factor theory |
Arousal + Label = Emotion -to experience emotion we must be aroused and must cognitively label the arousal |
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Zajonc, Ledoux, Lazarus |
Emotion and the two-track brain |
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emotion |
adaptive responses that support survival through bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences |
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spillover effect |
spillover arousal from one event to the next- influencing a response |
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Carroll Izard |
isolated 10 basic emotions, most present in infancy -joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt |
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autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
mobilizes body for action with stress hormones from adrenal glands, sugar from liver into bloodstream, increased heart rate and blood pressure, slowed digestion |
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ANS sympathetic division |
arouses us in a crisis |
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ANS parasympathetic division |
calms us in a crisis |
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polygraph |
machine that measures some bodily responses (such as changes in perspiration, heart rate, breathing) accompanying emotion |
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facial feedback effect |
tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness -outward expressions trigger inner feelings and emotion |
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behavior feedback effect |
behaving in a certain way awakens emotions |
