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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sample vs. population
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sample:subset of ppl who represent the population by participating in the study
population: the group of ppl that we'd like our study to represent/generalize to |
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category data
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frequency counts, qualititative
every participant put into category |
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ranked
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participant's position relative to others
1st, 2nd, 3rd |
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scaled
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quantitative data that doesnt depend on other participant's scores
each score stands on its own |
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self-report measures
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respond to questions from an interviewer or questionnaire
reactivity may be problem if ppl know what they are being measured free-format self report: stimulus material, reponses indicate feelings w/out constraints. ex projective measures |
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fixed-format self report measures
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presented w/ questions, response alternatives provided
more structured than free format likert scale |
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likert scale
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most popular, personaltiy and attitude research
series of items Rosenbergs self-esteem scale |
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behavioral measures
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potential for less reactivity
coding system, more than 1 rater beh measured in terms of frequency, duration, intensity, proximity, speed |
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psychophysiological measures
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assess the physiological functioning of the body's nervous and endocrine systems
may reduce reactivity brain activity:EEg, MRI, CAT stress; blood test, saliva test |
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frequency distribution
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=histogram
-normal(bell shape) -bimodal (2 lumps) -negatively skewed (more scores tail off at low end) -positively skewed(more scores tail off to high end) |
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classical test theory
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X=T+E
x:observed score t:true score e:error goal is X=T |
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reliability
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index is correlation
>.70 is acceptable types: test-retest,parellel forms, inter-rater, internal consistnecy |
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Test-Retest reliabilty
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stability of a measure over time
administer same measure to same folks twice calculate correlation of scores from time 1 to time 2 |
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parellel forms reliability
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consistency of scores from 1 version of a measure w/another version
administer 2 versions of same measure to same folks calculate correlation of scores from form1 and form 2 |
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Inter-Rater reliability
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consistency with which ppl provide rating
2 rater provide ratings of same ppl calculate correlation of scores given by rater 1 and 2 |
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Internal consistency reliability
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consistnecy of responses to items w/in a measure
split-half:divide measure into 2 (odd/even) calculate correlation |
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coefficient alpha
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average of all possible split halves
look at consistency of reponses across items |
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construct validity
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how well an instrument measures an abstract quality; cant be determined directly
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content validty
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logic/conceptual evidence
concerned w/ sampling the domain the construct represents ex.test w/ questions about peripheral stuff |
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Convergent and discriminant validty
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statistical evidence
measure variable of interest and related (convergent) and unrelated(disc) variables convergent:correlation should be positive discriminant:correlation should be zero |
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scale
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series of items, tap into unidemnsional construct
items should be intercorrelated |
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reponse bias
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deviant responding(random)
careless responding(mistakes) consistent resp(same rating for all items) omitting items extremity response(end points only) social desirability(to look good) aquiensence(agree with everything) |
