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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Health Psychology is the scientific contribution of psychology to
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• 1. The promotion and maintenance of health
• 2. The prevention and treatment of illness • 3. The identification of the causes of health, illness, and dysfunction • 4. The analysis and improvement of the health care system |
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o Can beliefs affect your health?
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• Positive view of aging or negative view of aging?
• 23 years later they looked at whether they were alive • Results: Negative view of aging: lived 15 more years Positive view of aging: lived 22 more years |
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• Stone Age
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o To treat, you would try to release the evil spirits- trephination
• Putting a hole through the skull People have survived from the treatment, but many did not |
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• Middle Ages
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o God’s punishment
o The Black Death • Victims believed it was due to sinning • Cure: inflict pain on self- punish self o Four Elements • Planets and body made up of four elements Air, fire, earth, water • Harmony or balance of these four elements was necessary to maintain health • Astrological science Treatment- depending on the month you were born determines your treatment- Zodiac chart, removing liquid from different parts |
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• Renaissance: Organ and Cell Pathology
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o Early microscopes
• Medicine became more and more focused on the body o Dualistic ideas of the mind and body was the effort to get away from the superstitious methods |
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• Mid 1700s
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o Capillary tension
• Everything caused by capillary tension o Era of blood letting • Treatment of applying leeches to person in order for them to bleed and release capillary tension |
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• 1800s
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o Patients were living longer who did not receive treatments than patients receiving treatments
o Comfort, but did not provide many other treatments |
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• 1900s
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o Biomedical model
• Illness is based on an organ malfunctioning or biochemical imbalance • New era in medicine • All illness has a biomedical cause • All illness can be cured with drugs if right drugs can be found • Body is separate from mind (Descartes) o Evaluation of the biomedical model • Successes: Acute illnesses Infectious disease • Failure: Chronic illnesses o Penicillin • Syphilis treatment o Most common causes of death from 1900 and 2001 are acute illnesses o Behaviors associated with the most common causes of death • Diet, smoking, lack of exercise, drugs/alcohol |
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• 1960s to present
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o Biopsychosocial Model
• Biological factors- organs, cells, tissues, biochemicals • Psychological factors- individuals’ motivation, beliefs, emotions, attitudes, behaviors • Social Factors- culture, community, family, social class |
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o George Enkel- need for a biopsychosocial model
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The defect might not manifest itself into illness until behaviors take place
Beliefs about illness matter Two people with the same biomedical problem may have different disease outcomes You need to treat more than just the biomedical problem to help the patient- examine other factors Behaviors matter- ex. Whether or not you adhere to the medication |
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• The Tale of Fiber v. Colon Cancer
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o Found rural Africa city who had a high fiber diet, low meat, had less colon cancer
o Correlational studies show that meat-eating countries have higher rates of colon cancer o Case-control studies show that high-fiber diets are associated with less colon cancer o Most prospective studies show fiber intake is not associated with colon cancer o Randomized trials show that high fiber diets do not decrease chances of developing colon polyps o Progressive study suggests that maybe it was red meat all along |
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• Cross-sectional Correlational Design
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Variables measured at the same time
Ex. Do you have colon cancer right now? What is your diet right now? |
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• Retrospective or “case-control”
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Look back in time
Ex. Do you have colon cancer right now? What kinds of things did you eat in your past? Problems- still a correlational design, people don’t remember things well |
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• Prospective
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Looks forward in time
Ex. NOW: what is your diet? 5 years later- “do you have colon cancer? Strengths- reduces reverse causation, allows you to control possible confounds, but it’s still correlational |
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• What is stress?
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o Stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed toward either altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects
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Types of Stressors
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Physical, Psychological, Acute stressors, chronic stressors
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• Walter Cannon- Fight or Flight
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o When a person or animal perceived a threat in the world, they fight or flight
o Stress causes physiological changes • Increase in blood sugar level Increases energy • Release of a large amount of adrenaline Fired up • Increase in pulse rate and blood pressure Mobilize blood and get the blood out to the body, so you are prepared for action • Increase in amount of blood pumped to skeletal muscles o Changes are for “Flight or Fight” behavior • Helpful in short term, but disrupts normal functioning o One of the first key moments in the history of stress research |
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• Hans Selye: General Adaptation Syndrome
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o Unlucky rats
• After injecting rats with ovarian extract, Selye observed (Adaptations to Stress): Enlarged adrenal glands Shrunken lymph nodes Bleeding ulcers • Control: After injecting rats with saline solution, Selye found same results • Realized the rat results may be because of the way he was handling the rats and a result of stress- started studying stress After subjecting his rats to all sorts of other unpleasantness, Selye observed the same results |
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o General Adaptation Syndrome
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• A non-specific response of the body to any demand placed upon it
• Three stages to the syndrome: Alarm • Mobilize resources Resistance • Cope with stressor Exhaustion • Reserves depleted |
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o Allostasis
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the changes in physiological systems to meet the demands of stress
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o Allostatic load
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the physiological costs of chronic allostasis, the increased or changing neural or neuroendocrine responses that results from repeated or chronic stress
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• Holmes and Rahe: Stressful life events
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o The Social Readjustment Scale
• Events rated as more stressful if they cause more change o Away from physical measures and focuses more on psychological measures• Daily Hassles- it is not the big things, it is the small things Predicted negative psychological and physical symptoms more than major life events |
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• Lazarus: Stress Appraisals
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o The Appraisal process
• According to Lazarus, what matters is not what event occurs, but how we perceive and interpret the event • Two stages Primary Appraisal • Is the event: o Positive o Negative o Neutral • If negative, is it: o Harmful o Threatening o Challenging Secondary Appraisal • Are my coping abilities and resources sufficient to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the event? |
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o Cognitive Appraisal Matter
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• All participants watch subincision (cutting penis) video but with different soundtracks
No sound Trauma narrative: emphasized pain Denial narrative: emphasized joyful ceremony Scientific narrative: detached tone • Who was most stressed? Fit the appraisals- same event, but not the same stress |
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• Blascovich: Biopsychosocial Model
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o Biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat
• Identified psychological markers (cardiovascular) of challenge and threat states • Challenge (when resources>demands) Activation of Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) Axis • Release of epinephrine, norepinephrine • Quicker recovery • Threat (When demands>resources) Activation of SAM axis as well as Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocorticol (HPA) Axis • Release of cortisol • Slower Recovery o Challenge/Threat CV Indices Predicts Sports Performance • Baseball and softball players |
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• Taylor et al: Tend and Befriend
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o Males and Females respond to stress differently
o Tend and Befriend • Behavioral response to stress • Males and females have different behavioral responses to stress; each is adaptive for that sex • For Males: “Fight or Flight,” activated by testosterone • For Females: “Tend and Befriend,” activated by oxytocin • Tending: Nurturing activities, protect offspring Befriending: Seeking social support |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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o Flight
o Fright o Fight o Sex • Under stress, this system is activated |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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• Mediates calm vegetative activities
• Everything but the four F’s o Growth o Energy storage o Repair |
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Stress Response
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: a collection of physiological and behavioral responses that help to reestablish homeostasis
• Nonspecific response; many stressors elicit similar stress response • 2 interrelated systems are involved o sympathetic adrenomedullary (SAM) system • gets activated when you experience challenge o Hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) axis • HPA activation most likely for self-evaluative stressors where you don’t feel in control • Slower moving system o Both are activated when you don’t have the resources to cope |
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The Stress Response (acute physical/chronic psychological)
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• Acute Physical Stressor
o Running from a bear- good o Zebra video • Chronic Psychological Stressor o Overanalyzing why someone won’t call you back – not so good- long term damage o Office stress video |
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What does stress do to your body?
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• Mobilizes energy
o Energy needs to be in usable form, not stored in fat cells o Insulin secretion decreases • Insulin helps body store energy as fat or glycogen o Stored nutrients in fat cells, liver, and non-exercising muscles are converted to glucose and sent to exercising muscles o Health problems: Fatigue, Diabetes • Raises heart rate/blood pressure o Once glucose is mobilized, you need to deliver it to the muscles as fast as possible o Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate to mobilize the energy o Health problems • Cardiovascular disease • Strokes (from repeated damage of blood vessels) • Heart attacks (increased among highly stressed populations)• Slows digestion o Digestion is a slow process (PNS), so inhibited during stress (dry mouth) o Bladder, large intestines empty • Ex. Sinking feeling in stomach, peeing when scared- dumping the weight o Health problems: • Ulcers (hole is wall of organ) Stomach stops producing its lining Less lining= less to protect from acid • Colitis (inflammation of Colon) • Irritable bowel problems • Slows growth o Growth hormone suppressed (parasympathetic activity) o Health problem: • Stress dwarfism • Slows Reproduction o Reproduction hugely energy consuming (especially for females) o In females • Reproductive hormones decrease (estrogen, LH, FSH) Loss of interest in sex, delayed ovulations o In males • PNS must be on for erection (suppressed during stress) • Testosterone levels decrease (loss of interest in sex) o Extreme stress during the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with schizophrenia later • Blunts pain o Stress causes release of endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins), which inhibit pain • Soldiers in war- cannot feel wound, because if you feel injured it is harder to protect yourself o Health problem • Possible worsening of injuries o Sympathetic response • Suppresses the immune system o Infections o Healing problems o Serious illness |
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Voodoo death
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a shaman will curse you and sometime after you die. Scientists looked at these cases and some of them would happen because people were already sick and others would die stressing over the curse.
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Effect of food and Nurturing on Growth
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• German study of post-war orphans
o Bienenhaus Orphanage- extra food o Vogelnest Orphanage- no extra food • Vogelnest children grew bigger • Switched- more food to Vogelnest children, less to Bienenhaus- and Bienenhaus grew bigger! • Two different types of Orphan leaders- Nice Fraulein Grun vs. mean Fraulein Schwarz- they switched at the same time the food rations switched ⇒ care and nurturing can lead to more growth (than extra food rations) |
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Immune Response to Stress
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• First few minutes- enhanced
• After approx 1 hour- suppressed • Chronic stress o Increased susceptibility to illness/infection o Slower healing |
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Stress and Colds
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• Day 1: Check into “cold research unit”
• Day 2: Complete questionnaires on stress and other factors • Day 3: Random assignment to receive cold virus or placebo • Days 4-11: Measure cold systems ⇒ You are more likely to get a cold, the longer the duration of life stressor • Evidence supporting your immune system is weaker |
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Proinflammatory Cytokines
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• Immune substances that have many roles:
o Coordinate the function of other immune cells o Lead to inflammation • Fever • Increased sleep, reduced activity and consumption • Send immune cells into tissues • Tissue repair and wound healing |
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Stress and Wound Healing, Study 1
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• Step 1: Compare a group of stressed people (caregivers) and match them to non-stressed controls
• Step 2: Wound subjects • Step 3: Measure interleukin 1 (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) and how long it takes to heal • Results: Caregivers took 24% longer to heal: produced less Interleukin 1 than controls • A between-subjects study |
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Stress and Wound Healing, Study 2
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• Step 1: identify a group of students
o Stressed dental students • Step 2: wound students 3 days before exams • Step 3: measure amount of interleukin 1 in blood and time it takes to heal • Step 4: repeat steps 2 and 3 during summer break • Results: wounds healed 40% slower before exams than in summer; produced less Interlukin 1 than controls • A within-subjects study |
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Can stress damage your brain?
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• With more sustained, extreme stress: Memory Loss
o Glucocorticoid (cortical) levels increase dramatically • Less glucose is delivered to the brain (especially in the hippocampus) • Portions of the hippocampus may atrophy o Looked at the amount of time veterans were over in war regions and measured the amount of hippocampal damage • The more months to combat exposure, the smaller the hippocampal volume |
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• Emotional processing
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people try to understand their feelings
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• Emotional expression
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people share their emotions with others
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• Studied 92 breast cancer patients
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o Measured emotional processing at baseline
o Measured emotional expression at baseline o 3 months later, measured distress and health • 3 months later o more processing=more distress • people who try to understand their feelings have more distress o more expression=less distress, better health • people who share their emotions have better health |
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Self-Affirmation Writing in Breast Cancer Survivors
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• Early-stage breast cancer survivors participated in an expressive writing trial
• Wrote 4 essays during a 3-week period: o 1- deepest thoughts and feelings (emotional expression) o 2- perceived benefits (benefit finding) o 3- facts about treatment (control) • Outcomes: physical symptoms and cancer-related doctor visits (3 month follow-up) |
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What is it in these essays that make people feel better?
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Self affirmation: a positive reflection on a valued self-domain
• Most dominant- valued relationships 70% |
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Self-affirmation as a Mediator of Expressive Writing
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• General Finding: There is a relationship between emotional expression condition and physical symptoms at 3 months
• Self-affirmation mediated the affect of physical symptoms |
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Coping with Illness
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• Social Support
• Psychological Control • Self-Affirmation • Positive States of Mind • Positive Adjustment |
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Definition of Coping
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• Cognitive, emotional, or behavioral efforts to manage the demands of a stressor
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Emotion-focused coping
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• E-F- none address the problem itself
o Efforts to reduce or manage the distress from the stressor: • Emotional avoidance Denying and avoiding how the stressor makes you feel • Emotional approach Emotional processing • Understanding what is causing the stressor • Ex. Why am I so upset? Emotional expression • Come to terms to the emotion by letting others know why you are so distressed |
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Problem-focused coping
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o Efforts to solve or alter the stressor
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Types of Social Support
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o Emotional support- showing concern
o Belonging support- having people to be with o Tangible support- providing aid o Informational support- giving good advice |
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4 aspects of Social Support
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• Social Integration: Do you have social relationships?
o Vs. Social Isolation- subjective component: loneliness • Social Network Properties- what are the characteristics of your social support network? How diverse is your network? • Function: what do the relationships do for you? Do they provide support, or do they cause conflict? o Sometimes a bad support network can be worse than having no support at all • Transactions: In what way do people actually utilize their support networks? |
