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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotion are |
Functional (useful) in the evolutionary sense Old notion: emotions are disruptive or dangerous a reaction to an external stimulus they have a mental component, physiological component, and behavioral component |
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How quick something is identified as good, bad, or neutral |
On the order of milliseconds |
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Fear |
Raw, primal, and amazingly strong Universal survival mechanism Same brain circuitry across many species Root of many emotions and emotional disorders |
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Fear is useful |
Evolutionary theory implies that individuals who experience emotions survive longer or reproduce more successfully than those who don't Fear pulls attention to possible dangers and helps us avoid them |
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Biology of fear |
Sympathetic nervous system Heart rate increases Blood pressure rises Sweating Blood flow to the head |
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Anger |
Violation of autonomy: individual rights It is typically a reaction to a perceived threat to: - ourselves - our loved ones - our property - our self-image - some part of our identity sympathetic nervous system activation |
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Difference between fear and anger |
Sense of control and power |
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Amygdala |
Core of fear and anger processing |
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Physiology of disgust |
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure; Nausea |
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Nausea |
Increased salivation and sweating Abrupt contractions of stomach muscles |
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Neurobiology of disgust |
Viewing expressions of disgust, or viewing disgusting photos, activates the insula |
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Insula |
Plays a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotions or the regulation of the body's homeostasis: - perception - motor control - self-awareness - cognitive functioning - interpersonal experience |
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Self-conscious emotions |
Embarrassment, shame, guilt All require self-evaluation We feel these when we have done something good or bad Something that will make others think better or worse of us |
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Pride |
Emotion felt when one takes credit for causing a positive outcome that supports a positive aspect of his/her self-concept High status |
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Hypothalamus |
Extremely important for regulating the internal environment in the body by monitoring: - glucose - hydration - temperature Also really key for sexual behaviors (arousal) |
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Ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
Manufactures dopamine Communicates with nucleus accumbens and PFC |
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Nucleus accumbens |
Communicates with the VTA |
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Serotonin |
~95% in gut Important for memory, appetite, libido, sleep Lowers levels related to depression and aggression |
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Oxytocin |
Doubles as a neurotransmitter and hormone with widespread targets throughout the body and brain Released by the hypothalamus and hits brain targets, like the amygdala and brainstem areas that regulate parasympathetic control of the heart |
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Oxytocin effects |
Crucial for social behaviors, pair-bond formations, parental care, empathy, generosity, eye contact, trust, "warm fuzzies" Potent anti-stress effect |
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Opioids |
Beta endorphin: body's natural painkiller Released after injury, exercise, spicy food Released after emotional pain, as well (social loss, grief, sad events) |
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Alleles |
Different forms of genes Each one can produce different characteristics We inherit one from each parent (sometimes same, sometimes different) |
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Epigenetics |
Interaction of experiences and environment on the genome DNA methylation most common form |
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Desire (lust) |
Localized to the hypothalamus (release of testosterone) |
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Testosterone |
Alters the way people respond to stimuli Increases the response of the amygdala Decreases ability of the cerebral cortex to identify and regulate emotion (aggression, assertiveness, sex drive) |
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Romance |
Localized to the dopamine-rich system in the brain, specifically the ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
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Devotion |
Long-lasting love in the brain: areas that release: oxytocin and vasopressin |
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Vasopressin |
A hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland Associated with establishing long-term bonds in some species Also a key hormone for water retention |
