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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. it may be partly because we see something of ourselves in the abnormal (ie: we all get depressed, anxious, withdrawn, antisocial)
2. it may be because many of us have felt bewildered and have felt the pain of a psychological disorder personally or through family and friends. |
Why are people fascinated by abnormality as it relates to psychological disorders?
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A difference in the degree to which a behavior or thinking resembles an agreed upon criteria (varies with culture and times; also based on statistics)
ie: feeling sad (degrees of sadness) vs hallucinating (not normal/norm violation) Exception: Olympic athletes, Michael Phelps is not normal but accepted by society |
norm violation
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abnormality as it relates to psychological disorders involves _____ and _____
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behavior and thinking
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1. considered atypical
2. considered disturbing to others 3. unjustifiable—not a normal reaction (ie: laughing at a funeral) 4. maladaptive—harmful to person or others |
4 criteria to be psychological disorder
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-study of mental disorders
-falls under clinical psychology -pycho=mind -pathology=study of disease -refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment |
psychopathology
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Primitive cultures: demonic possession (evil spirits)
Greeks 400 BC: disease; natural cause coming from imbalance in body fluids Middle Ages 5-16th century AD: spiritual context (witches and devils); disturbed people were killed or put into asylums which were like prisons 1793-a critical turning point, Phillippe Pinel |
Views of "madness" through history
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Reformed French hospital system, stated that madness was a sickness in response to severe stress and inhumane conditions
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Phillippe Pinel
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1. medical model
2. psychological model |
Current Theoretical Models on mental disorders
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mental disorders are diseases that have objective physical causes and require specific treatments
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medical model
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mental disorders are attributed to interaction of three factors:
1. biological 2. psychological 3. sociocultural |
psychological model
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anatomy and chemistry of the brain and other physiological processes
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biological factors in psychological model
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unconscious conflicts, maladaptive ways of viewing the world and learning
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psychological factors in psychological model
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abnormality viewed differently around the world
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sociocultural factors in psychological model
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1. traditional breakdown
2. today |
classifying mental disorders
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1. neurosis
2. psychosis (severe) |
traditional breakdown
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symptoms related to ineffective attempts to deal with reality (try to reduce anxiety, ie: obsessive individual)
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neurosis
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general category for a number of severe mental disorders in which perception, thinking and emotion are impaired
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psychosis
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DSM 4R-1994: big book, classifies but does not attribute cause
-guide for all mental health workers -helps in describing, treating and researching the causes of the disorder -assumes medical model -lists 230 psychological disorders and conditions which are put into 17 categories -neurosis does not appear in the book |
classifying mental disorders today
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National Institute of Mental Health 2006 national survey
-mental disorders of all types are common in the U.S. -estimated 26.2% of Americans 18 and up (1 in 4 adults) suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year -for 2006 this would equal 57.7 million adults |
statistics concerning mental disorders
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1. phobias 14.3%
2. alcohol dependence 13.8% 3. mood disorder (includes depression) 7.8% |
most common mental disorders in both men and women
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-men are higher on alcohol dependence but women are higher on phobias and mood disorders.
-mental disorders don't affect men and women the same way |
gender differences in mental disorders
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1. abnormality-based on socio-cultural context
2. maladaptiveness-seriously disrupts social, academic, or vocational life 3. personal distress-our subjective feeling of anxiety, depression or other unpleasant emotion |
3 criteria to determine when something is pathological
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lack of control-distress and dysfunction are indicators of a lack of control
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basic issue in psychopathology
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1. direct observations of behavior
2. interviews-discussions with client and their significant others 3. psychological testing-symptom checklist; a list of assorted symptoms associated with a variety of disorders, client indicates which symptoms they possess |
3 methods of assessing mental illness
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contains:
-definition of disorder -contains specific and explicit criteria for meeting diagnosis -course and prevalence of disorder -differential diagnosis of other possible disorders |
DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition
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To assess mental illness you should use both ____ and ___
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clinical judgement and assessment tools; Training is necessary, diagnosis are DIFFICULT.
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Clinicians must:
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1. Achieve accuracy: hits, true negatives
2. Avoid errors: misses, false positives |
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correct diagnosis
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hits
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correct rejections
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true negative
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failure to detect a disorder OR diagnosed with wrong illness
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misses
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aka false alarms; diagnosing a healthy person
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false positive
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consequences of being wrong in diagnosing a mental illness (4)
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1. stigma
2. cost of treatment 3. cost to society/individual 4. worse case scenarios |
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It is or is not ok to just use a symptom checklist?
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NOT OK, you need more information
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1. Personality disorder: includes narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder
2. Anxiety disorder: includes phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive, panic disorder and post traumatic stress disorder 3. Somatoform (body) disorders: includes hypochondriac, conversion disorder 4. Affective (mood) disorders: includes depression, manic disorder 5. Psychotic disorders: includes schizophrenia 6. Eating disorders: includes anorexia & bulimia |
Some types of mental disorders:
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longstanding, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of perceiving, thinking or behaving; includes narcissistic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder
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personality disorder
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-need for constant attention, respond inappropriately to criticism, grandiose sense of self importance
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narcissistic personality disorder
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person does not grow out of view that he/she is center of the world
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why narcissistic personality disorder?
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-(formerly called sociopath or psychopath)
-typically male -violates the rights of others-violent, criminal, unethical, exploitative; example: Hannibal Lector |
antisocial personality disorder
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emotional deprivation in early childhood
learned from parents arrested moral development brain abnormalities heredity |
why antisocial personality disorder?
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-(originally grouped under "neurosis")
-primary symptoms: anxiety (inappropriate to circumstances) or defenses that ward off anxiety -includes phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive, panic disorder and post traumatic stress disorder |
Anxiety disorder
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intense and irrational fear (no real danger or exaggerated danger) of some object or situation; focused and specific
-examples: claustrophobia-fear of closed places agoraphobia-fear of open places Saturday Night Live video clip of phobias |
phobias
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-not focused like a phobia (free floating)
-continually tense and uneasy |
generalized anxiety disorder
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-trying to deal with persistent thoughts that last a long time
-examples: Friends clip with Monica excessive handwashing, showering, cleanliness, avoid contact with contaminants |
obsessive compulsive
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-short term, each attack lasts a short time
-sudden unpredictable feeling of intense fear or terror |
panic disorder
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-anxiety long after event occurs
-examples: Vietnam war, rape/assault, car accident |
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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Psychoanalytic views:
-unconscious conflicts (ie: fear of parents) -behavior that once helped to control anxiety (ie: washing hands) becomes a problem itself Behavioral view: -associate anxiety and harmful situation Biological view: -inherited Observational learning view: -observe someone else who is anxious in a particular situation and then you become anxious in the same situation |
why anxiety disorders?
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-physical complaint suggests a physical disorder but no organic problem is found
-includes hypochondriac, conversion disorder |
Somatoform (body) disorders
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-preoccupied with body sensations, despite assurance that there is no problem
-interpret small symptom as sign of serious illness |
hypochondriac
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loss of specific sensory or motor function (ie: hysterical blindness)
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conversion disorder
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-disturbances in mood in which the person is either excessively depressed (loss of interest or pleasure) or elated (manic) or both (bipolar/mood swings)
-includes depression, manic disorder |
Affective (mood) disorders
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symptoms:
think of oneself as a failure "paralysis of will"-lack of motivation loss of appetite for food and sex don't sleep well general state of weakness and fatigue 2 or more weeks of feeling sad |
depression
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some forms of depression implicated in 40-60% of suicides
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suicide and depression
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symptoms:
elated and very active emotional state impulsive unrealistic optimism high energy severe agitation |
manic disorder
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Psychoanalytic view:
-real or imagined loss of loved one turns anger against oneself (depression) Behavioral view: -lack of reinforcement (depression) Cognitive view: -negative and self blaming thoughts (depression) Biological view: -heredity -neurotransmitters |
why affective disorders?
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-includes schizophrenia (split mind), out of touch with reality
-prevalent 2% of population will have episode during lifetime -about half of country's mental health hospital beds are occupied by schizophrenics |
Psychotic disorders
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pervasive thought disturbance
fluid thinking difficulty with selective attention withdrawal from social contact delusions (misinterpret real events) -paranoid: belief that some person or group is posing a serious threat when there is none hallucinations (no actual stimulus) sometimes bizarre behavior (ie: catatonic, odd gestures) more sensitive to sensory stimuli |
symptoms of schizophrenia
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Annick; this came on quickly at age 15, she was in a tree howling at a party; on drugs to control symptoms, multiple consciousnesses, split from reality
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Example of schizophrenia
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Cognitive view:
inability to keep things in proper focus Biological view: a) viral infection during pregnancy might impair development of fetal brain b) heredity c) neurotransmitters--too much dopamine being transmitted |
why schizophrenia?
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depriving oneself of food or preventing food from being digested
most affected are females includes anorexia and bulimia |
eating disorder
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fanatical dieting (self-starvation)
intense interest in food, but eating viewed with disgust not aware that dieting behavior is abnormal menstruation often affected 1% of all adolescents; 95% of those are female |
anorexia nervosa
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binge on high calorie food in a short period of time and then purge
secretive behavior aware that behavior is abnormal |
bulimia nervosa
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environmental view:
at a time when young women are coming to grips with their changing bodies and sexuality, society bombards them with ads for rich foods and ads espousing a slim body |
why anorexia/bulimia?
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1. diagnosis-label for your disorder
2. etiology-determine cause 3. prognosis-estimate course of problem with and without treatment 4. treatment--specific to you |
4 general steps of treatment of psychopathology
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2 types of treatment of psychopathology
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1. biomedical treatment
2. psychotherapy |
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deals with the body, often by changing the brain's functioning
-typically psychiatrists |
biomedical treatment
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bloodletting, dunking in water, and trephining (holes in skull)
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biomedical treatment in the past included?
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3 types of biomedical treatment today
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1. drug therapy
2. psychosurgery 3. electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) |
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a. anti-psychotics-chlorpromazine (ie: thorazine) blocks dopamine which has been implicated as a possible cause of schizophrenia
b. tranquilizers-calm and relax (ie: valium and librium) c. antidepressants-increase noreprinephrene and serotonin (ie: prozac) d. lithium-bipolar disorder |
drug therapy
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-side effects-dry mouth, blurred vision
-regulating dosage -drug dependence -interaction of drugs -not necessarily a cure |
problems with drug therapy
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ie: prefrontal lobotomy
-cut the connection between the thalamus and frontal lobes -thought to disconnect the person from emotions and past trauma, but brain damage including loss of memory, emotion and personality -only used in most extreme cases (ie: when nothing else works-intractable psychosis) |
psychosurgery
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-originally used with schizophrenics, then used with severely depressed individuals
-now used only if drugs are ineffective or person is suicidal -electrical current put through brain at each side of forehead; leads to loss of consciousness, followed by a convulsive seizure (drugs are given to minimize muscle contractions) -not clear how it works but may increase norepinephrine which elevates arousal and mood |
electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
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60 minutes video; remember it involves more than one treatment, may be up to 6-16 shocks
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example of ECT
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use of psychological methods to help people modify their behavior so they can more satisfactorily adjust to their environment
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psychotherapy
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emotional re-education
interpersonal learning having person achieve greater self-knowledge |
psychotherapy involves
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-problems stem from unconscious defenses pitted against unacceptable urges dating back to childhood
-person must achieve access to his buried thoughts and wishes, gain insight and resolve them (intrapsychic harmony) -victory of reason over passion |
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (Freudian therapy)
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-therapist sits behind patient, remaining neutral and mostly silent
1. free association-talk 2. interpreting dreams 3. transference |
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic techniques
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bring unconscious (repressed) thoughts into consciousness and these thoughts are interpreted by analyst (manifest vs. latent content); therapist is trying to see links between words and underlying meaning
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free association-talk
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the actual words said
ie: patient talks about being possessive in a relationship |
manifest content
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underlying meaning of the words; how the analyst interprets meaning
ie: possessiveness interpreted as due to father abandoning patient as a child |
latent content
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-manifest vs. latent content (horse example)
-person must not just remember things from the unconscious but must regain access to the feelings that went along with them. -this will allow for catharsis |
interpreting dreams
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emotional release
ie: reliving the sadness of being abandoned |
catharsis
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-patient responds to analyst in personal terms
-analyst identifies with a person who has been at the center of emotional conflict in the person's past -ie: transferring emotions of being abandoned to analyst as if they were the father who left |
transference
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-importance of unlearning stimulus-response association and learning new S-R association
1. classical conditioning 2. operant conditioning |
behavior therapy
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1. systematic desensitization
2. implosion 3. aversion therapy |
classical conditioning techniques
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-mainly used with phobias
1) learn relaxation technique-relax muscles when tense 2) fear hierarchy-least to most feared situation 3) desensitization-imagine each situation while staying relaxed -fear is replaced by relaxation |
systematic desensitization
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-no hierarchy
-continuous intense exposure to anxiety provoking situation ie: keeping hand washer from washing hands -implosion may cause more anxiety |
implosion
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-learn a negative association
-positive association replaced with negative association ie: drinking & nausea; Rachel & Phoebe from Friends |
aversion therapy
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Reinforcement (reward)--token economy; you reward behavior with a token (positive reinforcement)
Punishment--time out |
operant conditioning techniques
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-goal is growth in self awareness and self acceptance, not cure
-help client fulfill their potential, recognize their freedoms and enhance their self esteem -must treat person at a global level (as a whole person) -stresses the present |
humanistic therapy
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-a type of humanistic therapy
-Carl Rogers -have client arrive at insights, make their own interpretations and take responsibility for their thoughts and actions (you interpret rather than the therapist) -reflection of feelings-therapist paraphrases what client said to help client understand their emotions -nondirected-therapist doesn't direct client to a specific topic -therapist shows unconditional positive regard which creates an atmosphere of acceptance and feedback |
client centered therapy
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1. modeling
2. social skill learning 3. cognitive restructuring |
cognitive therapy techniques
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observing models
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modeling
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learn when, where, why and how to say something to someone else
-generalization is important, you need the ability to generalize what you've learned to other situations |
social skill learning
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change the way a person thinks about themselves and the world
ie: rational-emotive therapy |
cognitive restructuring
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changing false (irrational) beliefs
ie: "everyone must hate me" from a depressed person |
rational-emotive therapy
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-no definite answer
-leads to many therapists using adopting an eclectic approach (combine several approaches) -behavioral techniques work better with anxiety disorders such as phobias -cognitive techniques more effective with affective disorders such as depression |
what is the best (most effective) therapy?
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the scientific study of how we think, feel and behave in relation to one another
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social psychology
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we need _____ like we need food & water
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social interaction
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humans have a _____
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need to belong; belongingness need
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on subjective traits people rate themselves above average; funny, nice, good driver
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better than average effect
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we interpret our world so that it favors a positive self view
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self serving bias
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we tend to favor the groups we belong to (in-groups) and dislike those we do not belong to (out-groups)
ie: UK vs Louisville -in group favoritism evolved due to group conflict across human ancestry; every human society has experienced conflict |
in group favoritism
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1. Social thinking
2. Social Influence 3. ? |
3 Types of Social Psychology
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how we come to know and evaluate others
Involves: 1. making attributions 2. attitudes |
social thinking
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explaining the behavior of ourselves and others
-was the cause of something due to external situation a person is in or a person's internal disposition? -includes fundamental attribution error bias |
making attributions
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we tend to overemphasize dispositional factors (especially with respect to others); we blame others when something happens rather than the situation
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fundamental attribution error bias
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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predisposes us to respond in a particular way to an object, idea, person, group of people or event
-includes: likes and dislikes; for or against |
attitudes
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actions
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behavior
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Attitudes can:
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1. precede actions
2. follow behavior |
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example: I don't like cigarettes and I won't smoke any
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attitude preceding an action
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1. persuasion
2. dehumanization |
2 ways attitudes can change & influence behavior
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used by advertisers to persuade
examples: birth control ad; video about advertisers -use of heuristics |
persuasion
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"rules of thumb strategies"; mental shortcuts
examples of heuristics in persuasion: 1. being persuaded merely on the basis of the number of arguments 2. being persuaded on the basis of celebrity or sexual images in an ad |
heuristics
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psychological erasure of human qualities
-gives you a defense, freeing you from painful or overwhelming emotion -examples: Iraq, women as objects, criminals |
dehumanization
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1. cognitive dissonance
2. foot in the door phenomena |
attitudes following a behavior
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the tension that arises when we are aware that our attitudes and behaviors do not match
-attitudes influence how we behave, but not perfectly (ie: smoking) -people often change their attitudes so they fit their behaviors (rationalization); they less often change their behaviors to fit their attitudes (changing your actions) examples: smoking marijuana-> smoking isn't so bad love for spouse, then cheating->cheating isn't so bad, it was only once exercise important->not exercising, so it must not be that important |
cognitive dissonance
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change thoughts/rationalize or change behavior; it is easier to rationalize rather than change behavior
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options to resolve cognitive dissonance
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"start small and build"
example: homeowners with the small or large sign in their yard. Almost all agreed to the small sign in their yard and two weeks later 76% agreed to post the same large sign. |
foot in the door phenomena
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behavior controlled by the presence and actions of others without regard to underlying attitudes
-conforming to those around us ie: elevator, dead poets society, mean girls includes conformity within a group |
social influence
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Asch experiment
He showed a standard line and three different size lines and asked the participant which of the three the standard line matched. There were two groups: Group A: the participant gives an answer before five confederates who give wrong answers Group B: the participant gives an answer after five confederates who give wrong answers Results across 12 trials showed: Group A had 5% errors on at least 1 trial Group B had 70% errors on at least 1 trial |
conformity within a group
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why conformity?
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it is socially desirable, we want to be part of a group
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Nazi Germany-why were so many killed? Soldiers said they were just following orders
Milgram experiment |
obedience to authority
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learner and teacher, teacher gives learner a shock for wrong answers
-each time learner is wrong, voltage increases by 15 (highest is 450 volts) -voltage box marked from slight shock (15-60) all the way to XXX (435-450 volts) -during the experiment at: 75 volts the learner moaned loudly 90 volts learner cries out in pain 150 volts screams to be let out of experiment 330 volts no response -people who were administering the charges did protest, but continued when encouraged by authority figure 2/3 went to the highest shock |
Milgram experiment
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why do people obey authority figures?
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1. blind obedience
2. legitimate authority 3. role relationship; ie: student/professor 4. following orders |
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If people in the Milgram experiment perceive others disobeying they are more or less likely to disobey themselves?
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More likely; those who continue the shocking decrease if others are seen as disobeying; it's easier to stop if someone else has a problem with it.
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