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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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germinal epithelium
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single layer of cuboidal cells, modified peritoneum
outer covering of ovary |
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tunica albuginae of ovary
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thin, dense CT
outer covering of ovary |
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3 parts of ovarian cortex
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closely packed fibroblasts and epithelial cells
ovarian follicles: oocytes plus support cells hormone producing and hormonally sensitive cells |
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3 parts of ovarian medulla
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vascular, nerves, lymphatics
interstitial cells - estrogen production hilus cells - androgen production similar to male interstitial cells of Leydig |
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week when germ cells migrate to gonadal ridge and differentiate into oogonia
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5th week
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migration and normal gonad development in females requires presence of what non-hormonal factor?
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TWO (2) X chromosomes
& absence of SRY region of Y chromosome |
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committed oogonia differentiate into...
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primary oocytes
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oogonia divide by...
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mitosis
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where do primary oocytes come to a halt in development?
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prophase of 1st meiotic division
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in the absence of SRY, support cells differentiate into...
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follicular cells
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primary oocytes recruit follicular cells into..
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flattened, single layer coat surrounding oocyte
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primary oocyte + follicular cells =
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primordial follicle
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at 5th month gestation, female fetus has how many oogonia?
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6 million oogonia
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newborn female has how many oocytes?
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1 million oocytes
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granulosa cells
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follicular cells become cuboidal, secretory cells
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zona pellucida
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forms around oocyte
initially a single glycoprotein layer with sperm-binding moieties |
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formation of zona pellucida marks transition from ___ to ____
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from primordial to primary follicle
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where are granulosa cells located
nutrient source? |
on basement membrane
receive nutrients from capillaries outside cell layers |
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what event produces multilaminar primary follicle?
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proliferation of granulosa cells, forming additional layers around oocyte
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effect of FSH on granulosa cells
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promote growth
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proliferation of granulosa cell layers controlled by _____
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paracrine interactions btw oocyte and granulosa cells
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at multilaminar primary follicle stage, stroma differentiates into ____ and _____
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theca interna
theca externa |
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describe theca interna
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secretory cells
numerous vessels |
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describe theca externa
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outer region of smooth muscle and collagen
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multilaminar follicles express which plasma membrane receptors
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LH, FSH
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how many follicles are in multilaminar primary follicle stage at any given time?
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only a few
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mentrual cycle coordinates which 3 things?
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oogenesis
ovulation reproductive tract changes |
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further development of primary follicles requires which hormone?
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FSH
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dominant follicle
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only follicle to complete maturation process per menstrual cycle
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atresia
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degeneration of immature follicles
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length of follicle maturation
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60-70 days
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secondary follicles, aka:
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antral follicles
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what does follicular fluid contain?
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hormones: estradiol, progesterone, androgens
regulatory proteins: activin, inhibin, follistatin GFs |
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where is follicular fluid found?
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interstitial spaces among granulosa cells
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accumuation of follicular fluid forms ___
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antrum
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cumulus oophorus
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cluster of granulosa cells around oocyte, connecting it to peripheral granulosa cells
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corona radiata
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single layer of granulosa cells immediately surrounding oocyte
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which cells are in direct contact with zona pellucida?
why is this important? |
corona radiata cells
they can communicate directly with oocyte |
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mural (perifollicular) granulosa cells
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peripheral granulosa cells
remain behind in ovary when oocyte traverses oviduct |
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True or False: cumulus oophorus accompanies oocyte into oviduct?
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true
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2 dominant follicle hypotheses
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FSH availability and receptor density
paracrine warfare among secondary follicles in a cohort |
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4 events in dominant follicle
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increased production of follicular fluid
culumlus oophorus ruptures s.t. oocyte+cumulus floats w/in follicular fluid follicle size increases (to 2.5cm) due primarily to increased fluid volume theca interna cells aquire characteristics of steroid secreting cells & synthesize androgens which are converted to estradiol |
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what cells convert androgens to estradiol in follicle?
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granulosa cells
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step 1 ovulation
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estrogen production from follicle increases
LH released from pituitary (LH surge) |
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step 2 ovulation
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inhibition of meiosis I ends & oocyte completes 1st meiotic division
--> 2* oocyte + 1st polar body |
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step 3 ovulation
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both 2* oocyte and 1st polar body begin meiosis II, pausing at metaphase
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under what conditions will meiosis II continue?
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if oocyte is fertilized
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when does ovulation occur?
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when 2* oocute pauses at metaphase of meiosis II
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LH stimulates synthesis of which three substances in the dominant follicle upon ovulation?
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prostaglandins
thromboxanes leukotrienes |
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PGs, TXs and LTs activate what?
with what effect? |
activate collagenases and proteases
weakening stroma overlying follicle & follicular wall |
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oocyte released into peritoneal cavity accompanied by what 4 things?
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corona radiata
some culumlus oophorus cells 1st polar body zona pellucida |
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do ovaries alternate equally the release of ova
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NO!
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granulosa lutein cells
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formed from perifollicular granulosa cells of dominant follicle after ovulation
--> corpus luteum |
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theca lutein cells
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formed from theca interna cells after ovulation
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what do lutein cells produce
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estrogens
progesterone inhibin |
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what inhibits FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary following ovulation?
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production of steroid hormones in corpus luteum
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corpus luteum degenerates as what hormone level falls?
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LH
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how large is corpus luteum in pregnancy?
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5cm
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at what gestational week does corpus luteum involute?
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8 - 10 weeks
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corpus albicans
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corpus luteum degenerates into fibrous scar and eventually disappears
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atretic follicles
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degeneration of 2* non-dominant follicles
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what happens if two dominant follicles are ovulated and fertilized?
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fraternal twins
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synthesis of estradiol requires synthesis of ____, followed by ____ase activity
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synthesis of androgens
followed by aromatase activity |
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LH promotes formation of what hormone?
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pregnenolone
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FSH promotes ____ activity and therefore formation of ______
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aromatase activity
therefore, formation of estradiol |
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where are FSH receptors found in follicles?
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granulosa cells only
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where are LH receptors found in follicles?
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theca cells
granulosa cells |
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cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone is stimulated by what hormone?
where? |
by LH
in granulosa & theca cells |
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synthesis of androgens from progesterone occurs only in the ___ cells
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theca
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androgens from theca cells diffuse into _____ and enter ____ cells
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diffuse into ISF and enter granulosa cells
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androgens are aromatized to estradiol within ___ cells
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granulosa cells
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FSH & non-dominant follicles
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granulosa cells receive less FSH, have less aromatase and androgens contribute to degeneration of follicle
FSH stimulates synthesis of inhibin from granulosa cells --> degeneration of follicle |
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primary feedback regulators of female HPG axis
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estrogens
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In female, plasma androgens are derived from ____ & ____ sources in what proportion?
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ovarian and adrenal (50:50)
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what two types of estrogens are prevalent in plasma
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estradiol
estrone |
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whether estrogens have negative or positive feedback effects depends on ...
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the recent history of their plasma concentrations
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at low levels, estrogens exert a ____ feedback effect on pituitary and hypothalamic secretions
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negative
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at high levels, acting for at least 2 dyas, estradiol has a ____ feedback effect at the hypothalamus
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positive
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at high levels, acting for at least 2 days, estradiol potentiates the response of pituitary cells to ____
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GnRH
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progesterone in the presence of estrogens has ____ feedback effects on the pituitary
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negative
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mechanism by which progesterone exerts negative feedback effects on pituitary
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downregulates GnRH receptors
decrease in synthesis of LH and FSH |
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Do the levels of FSH and LH rise and fall together? Why?
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NO - b/c of the specific effects of inhibin on FSH
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menarche associated with
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nocturnal elevation of GnRH and nocturnal pulsatile release of LH
(as in male puberty) |
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follicular phase, aka:
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proliferative or preovulatory phase
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days of follicular/preovulatory phase
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days 1-15: follicular phase/preovulatory phase
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ovulatory phase =
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1-3 day period prior to ovulation
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ovulation occurs on day
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15
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luteal phase, days:
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luteal phase, days: 16-28
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luteal phase, aka:
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secretory or postovulatory phase
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which phase of the menstrual cycle is more consistent in length?
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luteal phase
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premenstrual period =
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last 3-5 days of luteal phase
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during which phase is the corpus luteum forming and secreting?
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luteal phase
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first day of menstrual flow, FSH...
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FSH levels recruit a new cohort of maturing follicles, which synthesize estradiol
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estradiol has what effect on granulosa cells
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increases granulosa cells FSH receptors and cells become more sensitive to FSH
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when estradiol levels become high enough...
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produce positive feedback on LH and FSH secretion by anterior pituitary
plasma levels of FSH rise plasma levels of LH rise plasma levels of testosterone rise |
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peak in LH initiates...
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final events of follicle maturation:
completion of first division of meiosis formation of 2* oocyte and 1st polar body |
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ovulation occurs how many hours after LH peak?
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10-24 hours
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high levels of what hormone are responsible for premenstrual breast tenderness?
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progesterone
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cascade folling decline in LH
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decreased LH reduces stimulatory effect on corpus luteum
corpus degenerates progesterone, estradiol and inhibin levels decline |
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decline of progesterone, estradiol and inhibin levels at end of cycle cause...
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feedback inhibtion on LH and FSH synthesis reduced
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At end of cycle, which rises more quickly, FSH or LH?
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FSH
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4 functions of oviduct
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site of fert.
regulates capture of ovulated oocyte promotes transport and nutrient support of sperm transport and nutrient support of fertilized zygote |
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from infundibulum to isthmus, mucosa becomes progressively _____
and muscularis becomes progressivly _____ |
from infundibulum to isthmus, mucosa becomes progressively less folded
and muscularis becomes progressively THICKER___ |
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normal site of fertilization within oviduct
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ampulla
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2 uterine tube mucosal cell types
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ciliated cells
nonciliated (peg) cells |
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ciliated cells
epithelium type: function most numerous where? estrogen effect on: |
ciliated cells =
simple columnar epithelium causes local mixing of tubular fluid, which enhances conception most numerous in infundibulum and ampulla increased estrogen during menstrual cycle promotes formation of more cilia |
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peg cells
epithelium type function hormonal effects on (estrogen and progesterone) |
simple columnar epithelial secretory cells w/ apical granules\
produce tubular fluid # peg cells increased by progesterone cell height and activity rise and fall with estrogen levels |
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functions of tubular fluid (2)
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provides nutrients
promote capacitation of sperm |
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3 uterine wall layers from luminal to abluminal
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endometrium (luminal)
myometrium perimetrium |
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epithelium of endometrium
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simple or pseudostratified columnar w/ 2 cell types:
secretory ciliated |
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lamina propria/submucosal of endometrium
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loose CT
much more cellular than most CT dependent on menstrual hormones |
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uterine glands are formed from...
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endometrial epithelium (columnar)
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endometriosis =
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ectopic endometrial tissue
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pathogenesis of endometriosis
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ectopic endometrial tissue senstivit to menstrual hormones
undergoes menstrual cycle, leading to excessive bleeding & often severe fertility consequences |
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ectopic endometrial tissue may be found in...
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ovaries
mesothelium of adjacent digestive tract structures |
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ectopic endometrial tissues may form cysts that...
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contain altered blood cells
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contraction of the myometrium during labor is controlled by which 2 hormones?
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oxytocin from mother
prostaglandins from fetus |
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hypertrophy and hyperplasia of myometrium caused normally by...
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estrogen, during pregnancy
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perimetrium continuous with what gross anatomical structure
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broad ligament of uterus
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