Psl2 - Exam 2 - Gastrointestinal

Front 1

4 histological layers of ORAL CAVITY, from inner to outer

Back 1

mucosa (inside mouth)
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia

Front 2

type of epithelium lining the oral cavity

Back 2

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 3

Lamina propria/submucosa - 3 characteristics

Back 3

loose CT

extends papilla into epithelium

diffuse salivary glands keeping oral cavity moist

Front 4

Does oral cavity have MALT?

Back 4

Yes

Front 5

Where is muscularis layer located in oral cavity

Back 5

cheeks, floor and soft palate

Front 6

Where is bone, rather than muscle, found in oral cavity?

Back 6

gingiva (gums)

hard palate

Front 7

3 layers of tongue

Back 7

epithelium

lamina propria

skeletal muscle

Front 8

2 parts of dorsum of tongue

Back 8

pharyngeal part

oral part

Front 9

Pharyngeal part of tongue

- location
- epithelium type
- Waldeyer's ring

Back 9

Pharyngeal part of dorsum of tongue

smooth, non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

lingual tonsils & numerous lymphocytes = Waldeyer's ring

Front 10

Oral part of tongue

- location
- epithelium type

Back 10

anterior 2/3

epithelium raised over papillae - keratinized or non-keratinized

Front 11

3 types of papillae specialization

Back 11

abrasion

taste

Front 12

Papillae for abrasion

Back 12

filiform

conical core of CT

fully keratinized epithelium on tip

Front 13

3 types of papillae for taste

Back 13

fungiform

circumvallate

foliate

Front 14

Fungiform papillae

Back 14

scattered among filiform papilla

mushroom shaped

domed, non-keratinized surface

Ct core rich in capillaries --> visible red spots

Front 15

Cicumvallate papillae

Back 15

circular groove surrounds the papilla

located along sulcus terminalis

serous glands of von Ebner open into bottom of grooves

Front 16

Foliate papilla

Back 16

parallel ridges on posterolateral tongue

taste buds - poorly developed in adults

Front 17

Taste bud

Back 17

cluster of specialized epithelial cells, spanning thickness of epithelium

apical microvilli

Front 18

Innervation of taste buds

Back 18

innervated by CN VII, IX, X with nerves ending in nucleus of solitary tract

Front 19

5 classes of taste

Back 19

sweet

bitter

salt

sour

umami - MSG

Front 20

molecules dissolved in fluid interact with taste cells via...

(for salt, sour)

(for sweet, bitter, umami)

Back 20

salt, sour - ion channels

sweet, bitter, umami - binding membrane receptors

Front 21

4 functions of salivary glands

Back 21

moisten

lubricate

begin digestive process

antimicrobial

Front 22

constituents of serous salivary secretions

Back 22

enzymes that initiate digestion (amylase, ptyalin)

lysozymes

IgA

Front 23

Pellicle

Back 23

film formed from mucous and serous secretions

inhibits binding of & colonization by bacteria

Front 24

secretory granules of serous acini

Back 24

apical

contain zymogens:
ptyalin (salivary amylase, starch digestion)

Front 25

myoepithelial cells

Back 25

contractile cells that lie btw basal membrane of epithelial cell and its basal lamina

Front 26

function of myoepithelial cells

Back 26

help expel contents of the salivary gland lumen toward the ducts

Front 27

salivary mucus cell histology

Back 27

nuclei more basal and flattened than in serous cells

apical cytoplasm contains large Golgi and mucinogen granules

Front 28

mucus w/ serous demilunes, aka:

Back 28

mixed acini

Front 29

definition of serous demilunes

Back 29

acini with both serous and mucous cells

Front 30

series of branching ducts from salivary gland to oral cavity

Back 30

intercalated --> striated --> interlobularx3 --> terminal duct --> oral cavity

Front 31

Intercalated duct histology

Back 31

initial portion lined by squamous or cuboidal cells, surrouned by myoepithelial cells

Front 32

intercalated duct secretions/absorptions

Back 32

secrete HCO3- (protects mouth from high acid foods)

absorb Cl-

Front 33

from which type of salivary glands are striated ducts absent?

Back 33

mucous-only glands

Front 34

From what structure did striated ducts get their name?

Back 34

basolateral folds with enlarged, aligned mitochondira give a striped appearance in LM

Front 35

Striated ducts secrete/absorb...

Back 35

secrete K+ or HCO3-

absorb Na+

Front 36

Interlobular ducts and beyond are _____ only

Back 36

excretory

Front 37

CT surrounding salivary ducts is the source of _____ which secrete _____

Back 37

CT surrounding salivary ducts is the source of NUMEROUS PLASMA CELLS which secrete IgA

Front 38

type of secretions by PAROTID glands

Back 38

serous (w/ polysaccharide, ergo = mucous component)

primarily salivary amylase (ptyalin) and IgA

Front 39

percentages salivary output in unstimulated and stimulated conditions for PAROTID

Back 39

25% unstimulated conditions

70% stimulated, as by food

Front 40

percentages salivary output in unstimulated and stimulated conditions for SUBMANDIBULAR gland

Back 40

70% unstimulated

25% stimulated

Front 41

content of submandibular gland secretions

Back 41

mixed gland - serous predominant (90%)

Front 42

Parasympathetic innervation ---> ____, ____ saliva

Back 42

profuse, watery saliva

Front 43

Sympathetic innervation --> _____, _____ saliva

Back 43

scant, viscous saliva

Front 44

first organ to receive nutrients absorbed from GI tract

Back 44

liver

Front 45

first to be exposed to toxins in GI-absorbed materials

Back 45

liver

Front 46

liver stores or modifies which vitamins?

Back 46

vit. A, D, E, B12

Front 47

proteins synthesized by the liver

Back 47

albumin
blood clotting proteins
transport proteins for thyroglobulin

Front 48

besides proteins, other molecules made by the liver

Back 48

lipoproteins, esp. VLDLs

excretion of bilirubin & bile salts

deamination of aa's to form urea

Front 49

complete liver failure results in death within ____ hours

Back 49

12 hours

Front 50

What separates hepatocytes?

Back 50

sinusoids

Front 51

Blood in the sinusoids comes from the...

Back 51

hepatic artery and portal vein

Front 52

Trace the path of blood from before entering the liver to leaving the liver

Back 52

Hepatic a/portal v --> sinusoids, past hepatocyte plates --> leaves via central vein --> drains into hepatic vein

Front 53

Histological characteristics of liver sinusoids

Back 53

relatively wide

lined by fenestrated, discontinuous endothelium with discontinuous basal lamina

Front 54

Portal triad =

Back 54

portal vein

hepatic artery

bile duct

Front 55

Histological characteristics of hepatocytes

Back 55

large

polygonal

often binucleated

many organelles

Front 56

Products of hepatocyte RERs

Back 56

lipoproteins and proteins:

albumin, thyroid binding protein, steroid binding protein , VLDLs, iron transport proteins, clotting proteins

Front 57

Functions of hepatocyte SER

Back 57

bile formation and secretion

lipid metabolism and detox

Front 58

example of detox protein on SER membrane

Back 58

P-450

Front 59

endothelium between hepatocytes and sinusoids has a high rate of _____

Back 59

endocytosis and transport ativity

Front 60

Effect of EtOH on fenestrations between sinusoids and hepatocytes

Back 60

low levels - increase fenestration size

long term, high levels (EtOH or nicotine) - decrease fenestration

Front 61

Space of Disse, aka:

Back 61

perisinusoidal space - btw endothelium and hepatocytes

Front 62

liver is the origin for ___% of the body's lymph

Back 62

50%

Front 63

In a fetus, blood forming cells can be found where in the liver?

Back 63

perisinusoidal space

Front 64

Stellate cells, aka: _____ or _____

Back 64

Stellate cells, aka: Fat-storing cells of Ito, or lipocytes

Front 65

Functions of stellate cells

Back 65

store vit A and other lipids

synthesize reticular fibers or perisinuisoidal space

Front 66

most common cause of interference with perisinusoidal space functions in US

Back 66

chronic alcohol abuse --> activated stellate cells --> disruption of blood flow and lymph formation in perisinusoidal space

Front 67

Type of function of bile canaliculi/apical face of hepatocytes

Back 67

exocrine function

Front 68

Bile canaliculi are formed from...

Back 68

adjacent hepatocytes create localized expansions of the intercellular space by tight junctions

Front 69

Bile canaliculi are lined by..

Back 69

short microvilli

Front 70

Ductule cells may be stem cells for _____ and _____

Back 70

Ductule cells may be stem cells for hepatocyte and duct

Front 71

Intercellular face of hepatocytes =

Back 71

interface btw adjacent hepatocytes other than the canaliculi

includes gap junctions

Front 72

Chl arrives in hepatocyte from sinusoidal plasma in form of ____

Back 72

"remnant" chylomicrons and LDL

transported into cell by receptor mediated endocytosis (chylomicrons) and specific receptors (LDL)

Front 73

Where is chl synthesized de novo?

Back 73

SER of hepatocytes

Front 74

chl & bile acids are secreted from hepatocytes directly into ___

Back 74

canaliculus

Front 75

chl exported back to plasma in form of _____

Back 75

VLDL

Front 76

composition of bile

Back 76

bile acids

chl

bilirubin

salts (esp Na+ and Cl-)

protein

Front 77

where does common bile duct empty

Back 77

second part of duodenum

Front 78

3 hormones that increase bile flow

Back 78

CCK

gastrin

motilin

Front 79

common bile duct branches to go into either _____ or ______

Back 79

common bile duct

cystic duct

Front 80

Parasymp or Symp --> increased bile flow

Back 80

parasympathetic

Front 81

hepatic plates =

Back 81

liver cells form centrally radiating anastamosing plates

Front 82

sinusoids - direction of flow

bile flow - direction of flow

Back 82

sinusoids drain into central vein at center of lobule:
central v --> hepatic v. --> IVC

bile flows in opposite direction

Front 83

what is located in the center of the portal lobule?

Back 83

portal area and its bile duct

Front 84

Liver acinus - related to...

Back 84

blood perfusion of the liver

Front 85

Parasymp or Symp --> increased bile flow

Back 85

parasympathetic

Front 86

hepatic plates =

Back 86

liver cells form centrally radiating anastamosing plates

Front 87

sinusoids - direction of flow

bile flow - direction of flow

Back 87

sinusoids drain into central vein at center of lobule:
central v --> hepatic v. --> IVC

bile flows in opposite direction

Front 88

what is located in the center of the portal lobule?

Back 88

portal area and its bile duct

Front 89

Liver acinus - related to...

Back 89

blood perfusion of the liver

Front 90

terminal hepatic venule

Back 90

central vein in liver acinus

Front 91

Zone 1, periportal

Back 91

closest to interlobular vessel

least susceptible to O2 decrease due to perfusion interference

iron, copper, etc. can produce zone 1 toxicity b/c zone's proximity to blood source

main region of oxidative metabolism, eg: GNG, bile formation, chl synth

Front 92

Zone 2:

Back 92

intermediate region

Front 93

Zone 3, Centrolobular

Back 93

closest to central vein

most susceptible to O2 decrease

glycogen synth, liponeogenesis, detox

Front 94

2 phases of detox

Back 94

Phase I: oxidization of toxin via P-450 enzymes

Phase II: conjugates oxidized compound (e.g.: w/ glutathione) to increase solubility for excretion

Front 95

Maximal capacity for liver regeneration

Back 95

75%

Front 96

Are hepatocytes terminally differentiated?

Back 96

No - they are continuously replaced by mitosis

Front 97

Where are pre-hepatocyte stem cells and what are they called

Back 97

oval cells in the canals of Hering

Front 98

fatty meals elicit the secretion of which gut hormone?

Back 98

CCK

Front 99

histology of gallbladder mucosa

Back 99

epithelium & lamina propria

NO muscularis mucosa

Front 100

type of epithelium in gall bladder

Back 100

tall, simple columnar

abundant short microvilli

tight junctions define apical & basolateral distribution of Na+/K+ ATPase

Front 101

transcytosis of IgA across gallbladder epithelium

Back 101

IgA enters blood

gallbladder epithelium synthesizes secretory component that binds IgA & allows complex to be transcytosed and released into bile

Front 102

histological characteristics of gall bladder lamina propria

Back 102

loose CT

rich in fenestrated capillaries & venules

Front 103

Layers of gallbladder wall

Back 103

mucosa
muscularis externa

NO submucosa

Front 104

hepatocyte pathology (e.g.: viral hepatitis) -->

Back 104

decreased bile production

jaundice (unconj'd hyperbilirubinemia)

Front 105

blockage of bile duct -->

Back 105

jaundice (conj'd hyperbilirubinemia)

secondary damage to hepatocytes

Front 106

gallstones

Back 106

most commonly chl based

can obstruct outflow from gallbladder

Front 107

exocrine pancreas

Back 107

compound, tubuloacinar gland

produces bicarbonate and digestive proenzymes

Front 108

zymogen granules in exocrine pancrease contain...

Back 108

trypisongen, pepsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

amylase

lipase

deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease

Front 109

what two hormones regulate acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas?

Back 109

CCK

Ach

Front 110

intercalated duct of PANCREAS found where?

Back 110

short duct just outside acinus

first in series of ducts leading from acinus

Front 111

centroacinar cells

Back 111

portions of intercalated duct protruding into acinus

Front 112

intercalated duct secretes what?

Back 112

serous, bicarbonate fluid that neutralizes stomach acid

Front 113

two sources of regulation for interclalated duct and centroacinar cells

Back 113

secretin

parasympathetic innervation

Front 114

pancreatitis

Back 114

activation of proenzymes w/in pancreas produces autodigestion of pancreas

can constitute medical emergency

Front 115

three layers of alimentary canal mucosa

Back 115

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosa

Front 116

submucosa of the alimentary canal contains...

Back 116

denser CT

sometimes glands

lymph and blood vessels

Front 117

muscularis externa of the alimentary canal

Back 117

smooth muscle (exc. esophagus)

arr. in inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

skel mm in upper esophagus and lower rectum/anal canal

Front 118

which layer of muscularis externa contributes to peristalsis

Back 118

outer, longitudinal layer of muscle

Front 119

adventitia of alimentary mucosa

Back 119

loose CT

blends w/ surrounding CT

large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

Front 120

serosa of alimentary canal

Back 120

peritoneal surfaces have CT tissue like adventitia plus addn'l layer of mesothelium

con't with visceral peritoneum

Front 121

Lymph from the alimentary canal drains into which nodes?

Back 121

mesenteric

Front 122

blood from the alimentary canal drains into ...

Back 122

portal circulation and enters the liver

Front 123

3 parts of the enteric NS

Back 123

Meissner's or submucosal plexus

Auerbach's or myenteric plexus

interganglionic fiber tracts

Front 124

Submucosal plexus

Back 124

neuron somas of sensory, inter- and motor neurons & synaptic network linking thems

Front 125

Function of motor neurons in submucosal plexus

Back 125

help control secretions of epithelial cells

Front 126

Where is myenteric plexus found?

Back 126

btw inner and outer layers of muscularis externa

Front 127

function of myenteric plexus

Back 127

provides basis for peristalsis and local, mixing forms of motility

Front 128

function of interganglionic fiber tracts

Back 128

connect submucosal and myenteric plexus

Front 129

functions of esophageal gland secretions

Back 129

lubricate bolus

protect lower esophagus from acidic stomach contents

Front 130

organ with starfish shaped lumen

Back 130

esophagus

Front 131

2 esophageal sphincters

Back 131

upper esophageal sphincter - cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor muscle

lower esophageal sphincter - physiologic sphincter formed by muscularis externa

Front 132

tonic contraction of lower esophageal sphincter prevents...

Back 132

acid reflux

Front 133

esophagegastric junction, aka:

Back 133

Zig-Zag or Z line

Front 134

Zig-Zag line demarcates...

Back 134

location where mucosa of abdominal esophagus abuts the gastric mucosa

immediately inferior to Z-line

Front 135

3 layers of esophageal mucosa

Back 135

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosa

Front 136

epithelium of esophageal mucosa

Back 136

abrasion-resistant stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

Front 137

In which layer are esophageal cardiac glands found?

Back 137

in lamina propria

near pharynx and near stomach

Front 138

what type of muscle is found in muscularis mucosa of esophagus?

Back 138

smooth

Front 139

where are esophageal glands proper found?

Back 139

in submucosa

Front 140

etiology of esophageal varicosities

Back 140

liver damage, blocking portal circulation of the liver

Front 141

secretions of esophageal glands proper include...

Back 141

mucus, digestive and antibacterial elements

Front 142

the upper 1/3 esophageal skeletal muscle is innervated by which nerve?

Back 142

vagus

Front 143

in the esophagus, the outer layer is _____ superior to the diaphram

the outer layer is _____ inferior to the diaphram

Back 143

adventitia superior

serosa inferior

Front 144

esophageal site prone to clinical problems

Back 144

esophageal-gastric junction

Front 145

3 histological regions of stomach

Back 145

cardiac

pyloric

fundus/body