Pscyh Chp 4

Front 1

sensation

Back 1

the process by which our sense organs recieve infor form the enviorment

Front 2

perception

Back 2

process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory inputs

Front 3

psychophysics

Back 3

the study of how stimuli are translated into pscyhological experience

Front 4

3 principles w/regard to sensation and perception

Back 4

1) there is no 1-1 conrrespondence between physical and psychological reality

2) sensation and perception are active processes

3) sensation and perception are adaptive

Front 5

sensory receptors

Back 5

translate energy in the enviorment into neural impulses - detet physical energy - tuned to a particlar form of energy (ex: auditory recpetors)

Front 6

transduction

Back 6

the process by which physical energy is converted into electro-chemical energy

Front 7

2 types of sensory thresholds

Back 7

1) absolute - minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to notice a stumulus (50% detection rate)

2)Just Notcieable Diff(JND) - lowest level of stimulatoin requred to sense change

Front 8

Weber's Law

Back 8

JND in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original
ex: 2 candles, + 1 to acheive JND
ex: 100 candles, +50 to achieve JND

Front 9

subliminal perception

Back 9

what happens when/if sensation and perception takes place w/out awareness (or below threshold)

ex: music,movies (lion king)

Front 10

vision - electromagnetic radiation

Back 10

1 form that we are used to - vision is adaptive and functional

Front 11

light detection is useful b/c - 3 ways

Back 11

1) light travels rapidly
2) light travels in straight lines
3)light interacts w/the surfaces of objs in the enviorment (reflec/absorb)

Front 12

wavelength/amplitude/purity

Back 12

color/brightness/saturation

Front 13

cornea

Back 13

where light enters the eye - tough transparent tissue that covers and protects

Front 14

pupil

Back 14

adjustable openening which regulates/where light enters the eye

Front 15

iris

Back 15

muscle that controls opening of pupil - resonds to light intensity - unique

Front 16

lens

Back 16

bio-crystallin structure that focuses light rays onto the retina - change shape to focus

Front 17

accommodation

Back 17

process in which the lens changes its shape and bends light rays so that objs are in focus

Front 18

retina

Back 18

multilayered photo sensitive tissue lining the back surface of the eyeball; an extension of the brain

Front 19

optic disk

Back 19

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Front 20

blind spot

Back 20

the pt. on retina where optic nerve cells leave the eye and where theare are no reciptor cells

Front 21

receptor cells - 2

Back 21

1) rods - black and white vision/found in periphery of retina/sensitive to moviement

2) cones - color and daylight/found in center/sensitive to fine detail

Front 22

young-helmholt's trichromatic theory of color vision and problems with this theory - basic level

Back 22

color is explained by differential activation of 3 color elements in the eye - RGB
1)S-cones:blue
2)M-cones:green
3)L-cones:red

problems: aferimages left unexplained - included predictable color diff

Front 23

hering's opponent process theory of color vision - higher level

Back 23

visual elements are grouped into 3 pairs 1)RG 2)BY 3)BW

explains complimentary color phenomenom

Front 24

auditory system

Back 24

1)amplitude-loudness
2)wavelenght-pitch
3)complexity/purity-timbre - quality of a sound(ex. same note played on a piano & flute)

Front 25

external ear - 2

Back 25

1)pinna - funnels sounds waves into the ear

2)auditory canal - a passageway where sound waves resonate & are amplified

Front 26

middle ear - 2

Back 26

1)eardrum/tympanic membrane - oscillates in response to sound waves

2)ossicles - three tiny bones (anvil, hammer, stirrup)- sound waves get further amplified

Front 27

inner ear - 3

Back 27

1) semicircular canals - balance

2)cochlea - 3 chambered tube shaped like a snail involved in the transduction of sound

3)basilar membrane - containes the hair cells stimulated by sound

Front 28

skin senses - 3

Back 28

1) touch
2) temp
3) pain

Front 29

pain is influenced by...

Back 29

culutral beliefs
ex:woman pregnancies

Front 30

pain is...

Back 30

adaptive to a degree

Front 31

gate control theory

Back 31

emphasizes the role of the central nervous system in regulating pain - a pattern of nueral activity that inhibits incoming pain signals

Front 32

form perception

Back 32

the organiation of sensations into meaningful shapes and pattern

Front 33

gastalt laws of organization -2

Back 33

1) perceptions are not merely due to elementary sensation
2) the whole is > than the sum

Front 34

gestalt principles of form perception - 6

Back 34

1) figure ground perception
2) similarity
3) proximity
4) good continuation
5) simplicity
6) closure

Front 35

depth perception

Back 35

organization of perception in 3-D/ we make 3-D judgements based on 2-D retinal image via bonocular and monocular cues, auditry systeam and kinesthetic sensations

Front 36

interposition

Back 36

one obj blocks another

Front 37

elevation

Back 37

objs farther away are highter on plane of view

Front 38

linear persepctive

Back 38

parallel lines converge in distance

Front 39

texture gradient

Back 39

texture of dist objs appears to be finer rather than coarser

Front 40

shading

Back 40

brain interprets shading diff toward top/ bottom of obj

Front 41

aerial persepctive

Back 41

far objs are fuzzy

Front 42

familiar size

Back 42

familiar objs that appear small are inferred to be distant

Front 43

relative size

Back 43

when looking @ 3 objs of known similar size, the smaller is seen as farther away

Front 44

perceptual constancy

Back 44

the perception of objs as relatively stable despite changes in the stumualtion of sensory receptors

Front 45

color constancy

Back 45

tendency to perceive obj color as table under conditions of changing illumination

Front 46

shape constancy

Back 46

we maintain constant perception of shape of objs, depsite the fact that the same obj typically produces a new & diff impression on the retina everytime we encounter it

Front 47

size constancy

Back 47

objs do not differ in size when viewed from diff distances

Front 48

top down perceptual processing

Back 48

starts with observer's expectations/knowledge

Front 49

schemas

Back 49

top down perceptual processing/ mental represantations of what we expect or what we know about a situation

Front 50

bottom up perceptual processing

Back 50

processing that begins w/raw sensory data that feed up the brain / "feature detectors"