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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neuron
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inpulses through the nervous system
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cell body
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contains the nucleus and carries outthe metabolic functions of trhe neuron
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thought, feelings, and behavior can be traced through
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neurons
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branching out
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dendrites
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sprouts into many braches
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axon
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specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord
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glial cells
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the junction where the axon terminal of a sending neurons communcicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft
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synapse
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penetrated or passed through
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permeability
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the slight negative electrical potential of the axon membrane of a neuron at rest, about - 70 millivolts.
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resting potential
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sudden reversall of the resting potential
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action potential
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white, fatty coatin wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster
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myelin sheath
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chemical substance that is released into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal of a sending neuron, crosses a synapes, and binds to appropriate recepto sites on the dendrites or cell body of a receiving neuron, influecing the cell either to fire or not to fire.
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neurotransmitter
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protein molecules on the surfaces of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact only with specific neurotransmitters.
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receptors
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neurontransmitters are taken from the synaptic cleft back into the axon terminal for later use.
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reuptake
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meurotransmitter that plays a role in learning new information, causes the skeletal mm fibers to contract, and keeps the heart from beating too rapidly
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acetylcholine
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NTM that plays a role in learning, attention, moveent, and reinforcement
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dopamine
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NTM taffecting eating, alertness, and sleep
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norepinephrine
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NTM that affects the metabolism of glucose an dnutrient energy stored inmm to be released during strenuous exercise.
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epinephrine
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ntm that plays an improtant role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite.
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serotonin
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primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
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glutamate
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primary inhibitory neurotransmitter tin the brain
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GABA
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by the brain that reduce pain and the stress of vigorous exercise and postively affect mood
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endorphins
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structure that begins at hte point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain and handles function critical to physical survival
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brainstem
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controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowing.
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medulla
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arousal and attention that screens sensory messages entering the brain
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reticular formation
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excute smooth, skilled movements and regulates mm tone and posture.
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cerebellum
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midbrain that control unconscious motor movements
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substrantia nigra
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relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain
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thalamus
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hypothalamus
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small but influential brain structure that reglates hunger, thirst, sex, internal body temp,
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emotional expression, memory, and motivation
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limbic system
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important role in emotion particulary in respones to unpleasant or punishing stimuli
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amygdala
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storing of new memories
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hippocampus
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the largest structure o f the human brain
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cerebrum
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the right and left halves of the cerbrum,
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cerbral hemisheres
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thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebal hemishpers and makes possible the transfer of information and synchronization of activity bw the hemishpere
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corpus callosum
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gray covering of cerbral hemisheres that is responsible for the higher mental processes of language, memory,a nd thinking
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cerebral cortex
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house memories and involved in thought
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association areas
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the motor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal association area
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frontal lobes
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controls voluntary body movements and participates in learning and cognitive events
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motor cortex
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adapt to changes
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plasticity
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that controls the production of speech sounds
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broca area
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ability to produce speech sounds or in exterme cases an inability to speak at all caused by damage to Broca area
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broca's aphasia
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loss or impairment of th ability to use or understand language, resulting from damage to thebrain
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aphasia
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where toch pressure, temp, and pain register and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientations
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parietal lobes
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the strip of tissure at the front of the parietal lobes where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in the cerbral cortes.
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somatosensory cortex
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brain wave activity made by a machine
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EEG
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brain wave pattern associated with mental or physical activity
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beta wave
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BW associated with deep relaxation
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alpha wave
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bw associated with deep sleep
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delta wave
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small wire used tomonitor the electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a singel neuron
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microelectrode
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CT scan
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brain scaning techinque that uses a rotating computerized x-ray tube to produce crosssectional impages of the structures or the brain
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MRI
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high resolution impages of the structures of the brain
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PET
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reveals activity in vrious parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption
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MRI
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brain-imaging ttechinique that reveal both brain structure and brain activity more precisely and rapidly than PET
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PNS
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nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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sympathetic nervous system
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division fo the autonomic nerovous system tha mobilizes the body's resources during stress and emergences, preparing the body of action.
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brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal following emergency
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parasympathetic nervous system
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system of ductless glands in various parts of the body that manufacture hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream, thus affecting cell in other parts of the body
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endocrine system
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chemich substance that is manufactured and released in one part of the body and affects orther parts of the body
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hormone
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endocrine gland located in the brain that releases hormones that activate other endocrine glands as well as growht hormone; often called the master gland
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pituitary gland
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pair of endocrine glands that release hormones that prepart the body for emergencies and stessful situation and also release coricoids and small amounts of hte sex hormones.
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adrenal gland
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How are messages transmittedthrought he nervous system?
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action potential
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What do neurotransmitters contribute to nervous system
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they cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron, influencing the cell to fire or not to fire. They transmit messages betwwen neurons.
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