Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
During Action potential
|
sodium enters the cell, then potassium goes out
|
|
the presynaptic terminal of a neuron
|
releases a neurotransmitter
|
|
The function of a myelin sheath
|
is to shorten the time required for action potentials to traverse an axon
|
|
Ionotropic effects on the neuron
|
result in rapid (about 1 millisecond) changes in membrane potential due to the passage of ions
|
|
The sequence of structures for the flow of neural information
|
is dendrite to soma to axon to terminals
|
|
The action potential
|
is all or none
|
|
The amplitude and velocity of an action potential
|
are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it
|
|
A drug that is an ‘agonist’
|
mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter.
|
|
The route from genes to their expression
|
is DNA to RNA to proteins.
|
|
A general function of the hypothalamus
|
is the regulation of homeostasis and behaviors related to survival.
|
|
if a person's basic emotions and behaviors suddenly changed
|
one would suspect had suffered a stroke involving the limbic system
|
|
The somatosensory cortex of the left hemisphere
|
will primarily respond to stimulation of areas of skin on the right side of the body.
|
|
Stress
|
is most associated with release of cortisol; from the adrenal gland
|
|
Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra
|
deteriorate in Parkinson's disease.
|
|
The hippocampus plays a major role
|
in learning and memory
|
|
he autonomic division of the nervous system consists of
|
neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs.
|
|
The right side of the brain
|
is more related to spatial abilities and “aha” answers?
|
|
The right hemisphere of the brain
|
is thought to be the most involved in savant syndrome?
|
|
Early studies showed that girls
|
mature faster than boys, develop verbal skills earlier and are conditioned to behave better than boys
|
|
Men are more
|
left brain dominant.
|
|
Antisocial behavior resulting from childhood abuse may be caused
|
by over-excitation of the limbic system
|
|
Frontal cortex and limbic system
|
are larger in women
|
|
Men’s brains are
|
10% larger than women’s brains
|
|
Women are better in judging character for
|
everything except for lying
|
|
There is data indicating that Abuse
|
actually changes structures in the brain.
|
|
Motor system deficits can involve
|
cranial nerves that have a motor component such as 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, and 12.
|
|
Cerebral palsy results
|
from damage to the corticospinal system
|
|
A neurologist uses the term upper motor neuron
|
as synonymous with corticospinal system
|
|
Damage to the upper motor neuron results
|
in contralateral spasticity if damage is above the decussation
|
|
After brain damage
|
a person can move the right hand but not the left.
|
|
The precentral gyrus in the right hemisphere
|
damage is probably involved.
|
|
Spasticity results
|
from damage to the corticospinal system.
|
|
The left precentral gyrus
|
is motor cortex, it receives touch sensations from the body, the body is organized in an orderly fashion.
|
|
A man stabbed in the back on the right side at level of the thorax
|
might not be able to move his right leg.
|
|
The motor program for walking
|
is located in the cerebellum.
|
|
Poor balance
|
is associated with dysfunctions of the cerebellum (i.e. cerebellar damage).
|
|
Atrophy is
|
an effect of damage to the lower motor neuron.
|
|
The depletion of dopamine in the substantia nigra
|
is related to the development of Parkinson's disease
|
|
Tremor at rest
|
is associated with Parkinson’s disease
|
|
an intention tremor
|
is associated with cerebellar disease
|
|
Cerebral palsy
|
results from damage to the corticospinal system.
|
|
Damage to the upper motor neuron
|
results in contralateral spasticity if damage is above the decussation.
|
|
All of the output of the cerebellum
|
is via Purkinje cells.
|
|
Most systems
|
cross (i.e. pass information to the opposite side of the brain).
|
|
Damage to the extrapyramidal system
|
results in rigidity; is often due to environmental pollution, and involves the basal ganglia.
|
|
Damage to your cerebellum
|
might result in a lifestyle in which you can no longer ride your bike type or play the piano, speak or write clearly.
|
|
Damage to the extrapyramidal system
|
results in rigidity, and is often due to environmental pollution
|
|
Damage to the lower motor neuron
|
results in atrophy.
|
|
Damage to the extrapyramidal system
|
results in rigidity, and is often due to environmental pollution
|
|
Damage to the lower motor neuron
|
results in atrophy.
|
|
In most humans the left hemisphere
|
is specialized for the control of language
|
|
An aphasia means
|
a loss of language ability in general.
|
|
Stroke is also called
|
a CVA
|
|
Ischemic
|
type of stroke for which one gives tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
|
|
hemorrhage
|
type of stroke
|
|
A split brain (a section of the corpus callosum) demonstrates
|
that language is in the left hemisphere of the brain
|
|
Broca’s area
|
is in the left frontal lobe
|
|
Someone with Broca’s aphasia
|
has trouble speaking
|
|
Fluent aphasia
|
victim has difficulty comprehending language but is still able to speak smoothly, is due to damage in Wernicke’s area.
|
|
drug addiction in humans
|
is 50% genetic
|
|
Benefits of marijuana are
|
that it Alleviates pain, anxiety, fear; Prevents death of injured neurons; Suppresses vomiting; and Enhances appetite.
|
|
Marijuana is federally classified as a Schedule 1 drug--
|
along with heroin and LSD.
|
|
Addictive drugs produce their effect
|
by causing dopamine to be released
|
|
Cocaine
|
is a strong reuptake inhibitor of dopamine.
|
|
With chronic use of cocaine
|
receptors in the postsynaptic membrane are lost
|
|
with chronic use of cocaine there is also
|
Down-regulation occurs. There is mood elevation
|
|
Approximately 20 percent of the U.S. population
|
has used prescription drugs for non-medical reasons in their lifetimes.
|
|
The 3 mechanisms for Evolution of species are
|
Sources of variation; Method of selection for those characteristics that would be passed on and a mechanism for retaining changes
|
|
Mammal species last
|
about 2.5 million years
|
|
Our brain is similar
|
to that of reptiles, birds, amphibians and most mammals.
|
|
The gene (ASPM) came to light in 2002 when
|
a disrupted form of it was identified as the cause of microcephaly, a disease in which people are born with an abnormally small cerebral cortex.
|
|
ASPM
|
has been under intense Darwinian pressure in the last few million years. It changed its structure 15 times since humans and chimps separated from their common ancestor.
|
|
The progressive change in the architecture of the ASPM protein over the last 18 million years
|
years is correlated with a steady increase in the size of the cerebral cortex. Human brain 3 x larger than would be predicted.
|