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Name author & associated therapy: "The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change"?
Person-Centered (PerCent) % and Carl Rogers
Ch. 7
Name author & associated therapy: "The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change"?
Person-Centered (PerCent) % and Carl Rogers
Ch. 7
Which humanistic psychology spokesperson was born the fourth of six children, & was socially introverted & discouraged from playing.
Carl Rogers %
Ch. 7
Whose Mother was a devout Christian (Protestant) & was very strict on the person & siblings, although described his family relationships as "warm & close"
Carl Rogers %
Ch. 7
________ developed an active imagination & focused on academics. Because ______'s family lived on a farm, s/he had many chores, therefore becoming very independent & self-disciplined
Carl Rogers %
Ch. 7
As a college student, _________ was selected to go to Beijing for the "World Student Christian Federation Conference," exposed to different religious philosophies & began to question his own religious beliefs. This experienced shaped his views on human behavior.
Carl Rogers %
Ch. 7
________ joined the staff at the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in La Jolla, California in 1964.
Carl Rogers %
Ch. 7
________'s theory became widely known during the 60’s & 70’s as the progression of psychotherapy into the humanistic movement.
Carl Rogers %
Ch. 7
Which humanistic theory states each of us has a natural potential that we can actualize & through which we can find meaning, & Shares with existentialism a focus on respect & trust for the client
PerCent Approach
Ch. 7
What do Humanism & Existentialism have in common?
Both: Respect for client’s experience & trust in clients ability to change;
Both Believe in freedom, choice, values, personal responsibility, autonomy, meaning.
Ch. 7
Contrast Humanism vs. Existentialism.
Existential Clients in counseling b/c face anxiety in trying to construct identity in a world without meaning.
Humanism Clients do not suffer anxiety in creating an identity, & Clients need to believe hat they have natural potential to actualize.
Ch. 7
List the Three forces of the "Third Force".
Psychoanalysis,
Behaviorism,
Existentialism & Humanism.
Ch. 7
List the five main levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, (top to bottom).
Self-actualization,
Esteem,
Love/Belonging,
Safety,
Physiological.
(Rem. either "Self Esteem Loves Safe Physics" or SELSP)
Ch. 7
In PerCent Therapy, what Therapist Role apects are Necessary & Sufficient Conditions for Change?
Congruence, Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard.

***Remember these if you remember nothing else from this lecture!!!***
Ch. 7
Define Congruence (aspect of PerCent Therapist's Role; Nec. & Suff. Chg Cond)
genuineness, one’s behavior congruent with emotions

***Remember these if you remember nothing else from this lecture!!!***
Ch. 7
Define Empathy (aspect of PerCent Therapist's Role; Nec. & Suff. Chg Cond)
accurate ability to view the world from client’s perspective

***Remember these if you remember nothing else from this lecture!!!***
Ch. 7
Define "Unconditional Positive Regard" (PerCent Therapist's Role; Nec. & Suff. Chg Cond)
acceptance, caring

***Remember these if you remember nothing else from this lecture!!!***
Ch. 7
List Self-Actualization Aspects of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack prejudice, accept facts
Ch. 7
List Esteem aspects of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Self-esteem, Confidence, Achievement, Respect OF & FROM others.
Ch. 7
List Love/belonging aspects of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Family, Friendship, Sexual Intimacy
Ch. 7
List Safety aspects of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
SECURITY of: Family, Health, Property, Job, Body, Resources, Morality.
Anagram: "FHP JB RM" (Florida Highway Patrol, JimBob, Ronald Mcdonald)
Ch. 7
List Physiological aspects of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
SHE WEBS: sleep homeostasis eat water excrete breath sex
Ch. 7
List Rogers’ Hypothesis Therapist Roles.
1-Persons: psychological contact. 2-Client stats: INCONgruence, vulnerable & anxious. 3-Therapist: CONgruent (real/genuine) in relationship. 4-Therapist: unconditional + regard 4 client. 5-Therapist: empathic understanding: client’s internal frame reference, endeavors 2 communicate experience 2 client.6-Comm. 2 client re: Therapist’s empathic understanding & unconditional + regard 2 minimal degree achieved.
Ch. 7
List PerCent Growth Experiences.
1-Therapy is just one relationship that can foster growth.
2-Growth occurs naturally when in situation w/ proper conditions 2 encourage growth (ACORN metaphor).
3-Thereapist sets stage: Client does necessary for positive growth & change.
Ch. 7
Describe humanistic philosophy vision (hint: acorn)
Metaphor: Acorn: if appropriate conditions, "automatically" + growth, pushed naturally toward its actualization as an oak.
Ch. 7
How does n existentialist's view contrast PerCent philosophy?
4 many existentialists: nothing we are," no internal "nature" we count on. Every moment we face choice re: what 2 make: this condition. OTOH:...
Ch. 7
Whose eMphAsiS re: human heaLthy side, emphasis & % philosophy: jOy, creativity, & self-fulfillment part of % philo.?
Maslow.
Ch. 7
Which of the following is not a PerCentTher Goal: 1-Increase Client's Independence & Integration, 2-Person Focus! (not problem), 3-Create conditions necessary 4 + growth, 4-Develop new experiences openness & self-trust.5-there is nothing that we 'are,' no internal 'nature' we can count on.6-Internal evaluation source.7-Willingness continue growing.
5-there is nothing that we 'are,' no internal 'nature'... is Existentialism, Not PerCentTher Goal, silly.
Ch. 7
Major aspect of which therapy is: belief: therapist should not chose client's goals; Help client define & clarify client's own goals%
person-centered therapy!
Ch. 7
True/False: In PerCenTher as counseling client progresses, goals must remain in place.
FALSE! "Goals should be expected to change as the client progresses through counseling"
Ch. 7
True/False: Client's Self-Development is everything in person-centered therapy.
False! "RELATIONSHIP Between Client & Therapist is EVERYTHING in Person centered therapy"
Ch. 7 Important Points
In PerCenTher, the relationship is characterized by _____.
Equality!
Ch. 7 Important Points
True/False: In PerCenTher, the therapist need not have any special skills or knowledge.
TRUE
Ch. 7 Important Points
True/False: In PerCenTher, diagnosis & collecting background history is not necessary.
TRUE
Ch. 7 Important Points
True/False: In PerCenTher process, there are no real techniques, other than listening, empathizing, understanding, and responding to the client.
TRUE
Ch. 7
True/False: In PerCenTher process, client’s self-assessment is of limited importance.
FALSE! "client’s self-assessment is of primary importance"
Ch. 7
True/False: In PerCenTher process, There are no specific stages to process; all about the client’s own process of change & growth, which must happen @ their own pace.
TRUE
Ch. 7
List 2 of Rogers’ Contributions to PerCenTher.
1-Emphasized therapeutic relationship is primary growth agent.
2-Created therapy style can be used by various helping professionals.
(Think: of that old fart Mr. Rogers saying 'together, anyone can water an acorn' [wtf]).
Ch. 7
True/False: A PerCenTher limitation/criticisms is most now feel its conditions are necessary but not sufficient.
TRUE
Ch. 7
True/False: A PerCenTher limitation/criticisms is [support without challenge change difficult]
TRUE
Ch. 7
True/False: PerCenTher limitation/criticism is the therapist has unlimited freedom to influence client.
FALSE! "Places limits on therapist’s behavior within the session, such as limiting their teaching or guiding role"
Ch. 7
True/False: Multicultural view: PerCenTher limited culture & setting exposure.
FALSE! PerCenTher "has been applied to numerous cultures and settings" silly!
Ch. 7
True/False: Multicultural view: PerCenTher is limited because core conditions are based on this culture.
TRUE, and "can be difficult to apply to other cultures"
Ch. 7
True/False: Multicultural view: PerCenTher Some clients may want more structure or guidance than this approach provides.
TRUE
Ch. 7
List Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
1-physiological,2-Safety,3-belonging & love,4-esteem,5-self-actualization
from Prof's review guide
Maslow's hierarchy of needs are a source of ____.
Motivation
from Prof's review guide
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, where do we need esteem from?
from both self and others
from Prof's review guide
What are the most basic of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and why?
physiological. If we're hungry/thirsty, our attention is riveted on meeting these basic needs.
from Prof's review guide
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what do our safety needs include?
sense of security & stability.
from Prof's review guide
True/False: It is possible to pursue Maslow's self-actualization hierarchical need if 3 out of 4 of the other needs are fulfilled.
False, "We are able to strive toward self-actualization only after these four basic needs are met".
from Prof's review guide
The key factor determining which Maslow's hierarchical need is dominant at a given time is what?
Degree to which those below it are satisfied. We cannot strive toward self-actualization, for example, if our self-esteem is low.
from Prof's review guide
Name author & associated therapy: "I am not in this world to live up to other peoples expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine."
Gestalt and Fritz Perls
Chapter 8
Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt View of Human Nature:1-Individuals have the capacity to self-regulate in their environment.2-The process of "re-owning" parts of oneself that have been disowned.3-Paradoxical theory of change: authentic change occurs from being who we are, not trying to be what we are not.4-Focus on conscious processes not revealing the unconscious—focus on choice & responsibility.
4 is Adlerian verbatim.
Chapter 8
Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt View of Human Nature:1-Self-reliance & reintegration.2-Dialogue b/w client & therapist (therapist has no agenda.3-Spontaneous; here & now experience.4-Human nature is rooted in existential philosophy, phenomenology, & field theory.5-Less emphasis on biological & instinctual.
5 is Adlerian verbatim.
Chapter 8
client considered in entirety, no emphasis on aspects is which principle of Gestalt Therapy?
Holism
Chapter 8
salient/out of awareness is which principle of Gestalt Therapy?
Figure/ground
Chapter 8
organism in environment is which principle of Gestalt Therapy?
Field Theory
Chapter 8
aspects of environmental field emerge & become focal point of attention & interest is which principle of Gestalt Therapy?
Figure-Formation Process
Chapter 8
emergence of a need, sensation, or interest disrupts equilibrium & must be addressed by the organism is which principle of Gestalt Therapy?
Organismic Self-Regulation
Chapter 8
Gestalt Therapy is _________ & ________ because it is grounded in the client’s "here & now", "what & how", & "I/Thou of relating"
Existential & Phenomenological
Chapter 8
When clients in Gestalt Therapy gain awareness of what they are experiencing & doing now—what & how, not why; this is called a ______.
Phenomenological inquiry.
Chapter 8
Gestalt Therapy promotes direct ______ rather than the ______ of talking about situations
experiencing; abstractness
Chapter 8
In Gestalt Therapy, rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to _____ the hurt child
become
Chapter 8
List Seven Aspects of The Now of Gestalt Therapy.
1-Our “power is in the present”.2-Nothing exists except the “now”.3-The past is gone, future has not yet arrived.4-For many people, power of the present is lost.5-They may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future.6-Most people can only remain in the present for a short time.7-Experiments: explore present
Chapter 8
True/False: The solution 4 Gestalt Therapy & Unfinished Business is to get in touch w/ the stuck point.
TRUE
Chapter 8
True/False In Gestalt Therapy & Unfinished Business, feelings about the past are unexpressed & r associated w/ distinct memories & fantasies.
True.
Chapter 8
In Gestalt Therapy & Unfinished Business, unexpressed feelings about the past not fully experienced _____ in the background & ______ with effective contact.
linger & interfere
Chapter 8
(Gestalt Therapy & Unfinished Business), Why do you need to pay attention to the Bodily Experience?
Because if feelings about the past are unexpressed, physical symptoms can result.
Chapter 8
In Gestalt Therapy & Unfinished Business, unexpressed feelings about the past may result in what?
Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy, and self-defeating behavior.
Chapter 8
Another word pair for Contact & Withdrawl (Gestalt Therapy) is:
Connect & Separate
Chapter 8
What is Contact? (Gestalt Therapy)
Interacting with nature & with other people without losing one’s individuality.
Chapter 8
What is Resistance To Contact? (Gestalt Therapy)
Defenses we Develop 2 Prevent us from Fully Experiencing the Present
Chapter 8
What is Introjection? (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Uncritically Accept others’ Belief & Standards w/out Thinking whether they are Congruent w/ Who We Are.
Chapter 8
What is Projection? (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Reverse of Introjection; We Disown Aspects of Ourselves by Assigning to Environment
Chapter 8
What is Retroflection? (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Turning Back to Ourselves what We Would Like Doing to Another.
Chapter 8
Directing aggression inward that we are fearful to directing toward others is an example of ______
Retroflection (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Chapter 8
Way of avoiding contact & awareness by being vague/indirect is _____. (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Deflection
Chapter 8
An overuse of humor is an example of _____
Deflection (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Chapter 8
______ is less differentiation between self and environment.
Confluence (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Chapter 8
A need to be accepted, to stay safe by going along w/ others, not expressing one’s true feelings & opinions are examples of _____.
Confluence (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Chapter 8
Clients are encouraged 2 become increasingly aware of their (what)?
dominant style of blocking contact (in Gestalt Contact & Resist. 2 Con.)
Chapter 8
Tension some part of the body; numbing feelings, looking away from people when speaking, speaking w/ restricted voice are examples of
Blocked Energy
Chapter 8
Blocked energy is another form of _____
defensive behavior (resistance)
Chapter 8
Paying attention to where energy is located, how it is used, and how it can be blocked is part of what?
Energy & Blocks 2 Energy.
Chapter 8
In order to overcome ____ & ____ ____ & Discover Themselves, clients r encouraged 2 Recognize How their Body Expresses Resistance & Exaggerate their Tension & Tightness.
Energy & Blocks 2 Energy
Chapter 8
List Methodological Components of Gestalt Therapy's Therapeutic Goals.
1-Experience Continuum,2-Here & Now,3-Paradoxical Change Theory,4-Experiment,5-Authentic Encounter,6-Process-Oriented Diagnosis
Chapter 8
In Gestalt Therapy's Therapeutic Goals, If a client stays w/ their awareness, ____ ____ will emerge.
unfinished business
Chapter 8
Increasing _____ and greater ____ are among Gestalt Therapy's Therapeutic Goals.
Awareness & Choice
Chapter 8
In Gestalt Therapy's Therapeutic Goals, Awareness includes knowing the ______, knowing _____, accepting ______, and being able to make ______.
Environment, Oneself, Oneself, Contact
Chapter 8
What does the Gestalt Therapist pay attention to?
present moment
clients’ body language
nonverbal language
inconsistency b/t verbal & nonverbal message (e.g., anger and smile)
Chapter 8
The Gestalt Therapist function/role is to increase clients’ _____.
awareness
Chapter 8
List language blocks 4 Gestalt therapists 2 Address.
I vs. it and I vs. you
Questions to personal statements
Power denying language (use of qualifiers)
Chapter 8
True/False: Gestalt Client Therapy Experience: Therapist makes interpretations.
False. therapist is not an expert on client perception
Chapter 8
True/False: Gestalt Client Therapy Experience: Client makes own interpretations.
True. client is or should be the expert
Chapter 8
List & Describe Three-stage process of Gestalt Ther. Client Growth.
Discovery: (increasing awareness)
Accommodation: (recognizing that they have a choice)
Assimilation: (influencing their environment)
Chapter 8
True/False: Gestalt Therapist makes use of themself in therapy.
True.
Chapter 8
True/False: Gestalt Therapists share their experience to clients in the here-and-now.
True.
Chapter 8
True/False: Gestalt therapy values Therapist-Client Relationship quality.
True.
Chapter 8
True/False: Gestalt Therapists value knowing themselves.
True. c'mon!
Chapter 8
Gestalt Therapy techniques & procedures use ___ ___ to work thru Stuck Points & get New Insights
Experiential Work
Chapter 8
Which of the following is NOT part of Preparing Client for Experiential Work in Gestalt Ther?
1-Get client's permission.
2-B sensitive: cultural differences.
3-Respect Resistance.
4-Therapist interprets & analyses client's dreams
4-Therapist interprets & analyses client's dreams IS NOT
Chapter 8
Some Asian cultures value emotional control. This is an example of being sensitive to ____ differences in preparing clients for ____ work in _____ therapy techniqies & procedures.
Cultural, Experiential, Gestalt
Chapter 8
An example of ____ _____ is "express emotions --> fear of lose control, could not stop, or weakness"
Respect Resistance
Chapter 8
Which does NOT belong in Gestalt techniques & procedures:
Increase awareness about incongruence between mind & body (verbal & nonverbal expression)
Internal dialogue exercise;Making the rounds
Rehearsal exercise
Maintaining the analytic framework
Maintaining the analytic framework
Chapter 8
Which does NOT belong in Gestalt techniques & procedures:
Exaggeration exercise
Staying w/ the feeling
Gestalt approach to dream work
Rehearsal exercise.
Just kidding: They all belong in Gestalt techni/proceedures.
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is example: "Top dog (critical parent) underdog (victim)"
Internal dialogue exercise
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is example: "Empty-chair (two sides of themselves)"
Internal dialogue exercise
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is to Go around to each person & say “What makes it hard for me to trust you is...”
Making the rounds
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is example: "Reverse the typical style (e.g., behave as negative as possible)"
Rehearsal eXercise
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is example: "May get stuck when rehearsing silently or internally"
Rehearsal eXercise
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is example: "Share the rehearsals out load with a therapist"
Rehearsal eXercise
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is example: "Exaggerate gesture or movement, which usually intensified the feelings attached to the behavior and makes the inner meaning clearer"
Exaggeration exercise
Chapter 8
Which Gestalt technique/procedure is to Go deeper into the feelings they wish to avoid
Staying with the feeling
Chapter 8
Which is NOT among Gestalt's dream work approach:
Not to interpret/analyze dreams
Interpret & Analyze dreams
Bring dream to life as though happening now
Act out Dream in Present:
Become Different Parts
Interpret and Analyze dreams
Chapter 8
In Gestalt's dream work approach, _____ is "every person or object in the dream represents a projected aspect of the dreamer"
Projection
Chapter 8
Gestalt: Dream Work Approach is the Royal road to _____
integration
Chapter 8
True/False: Gestalt Ther: Dreams are excellent way 2 discover personality
So True.
Chapter 8
In Gestalt Dream Work Approach: "No remember --> refuse to" what?
face what it is @ that time
Chapter 8
Give example of a Gestalt Ther. Contribution from a multicultural perspective.
Work with clients from their cultural perspectives
Chapter 8
Give example of a Gestalt Ther. Limitations from a multicultural perspective.
Focus on “affect”
Asian cultural value: emotional control
Prohibiting to directly express the negative feelings to their parents.
Chapter 8
What are some Contributions of Gestalt Therapy?
Present-centered awareness
Attention paid 2 verbal & nonverbal cures
Bring conflicts/struggles to actually experience their conflict and struggles(what?)
Focus on growth & enhancement
See each aspect of a dream as a projection of themselves
Increase awareness of 'what is'
Effectiveness Empirically validated.
Chapter 8
What are some Limitations of Gestalt Therapy?
Ineffective therapists may manipulate the clients with powerful experiential work
Some people may need psycho-education
Chapter 8
List Anderson's Pers-Cent Important Points slide items (4)
Relationship b/t Client & Therapist is EVERYTHING
Relationship Characterized: Equality
Therapist Needs no special skills/knowledge
Diagnosis & patient history UNnecessary
Chapter 7 "important slide"
Name author & associated therapy: "Society attacks early when the individual is helpless"
Behavioral Therapy (BT), B.F. Skinner
Chapter 9
What is Behavior Therapy?
set of Clinical Procedures Relying on Experimental findings of Psychological Research
Chapter 9
What is Behavioral Therapy Based Upon? (SALP!)
Systematically Applied Learning Principles
Chapter 9
Behavior Therapy Treatment goals are ___ & ___.
Specific & Measurable
Chapter 9
Behavior Therapy Focuses on the client's ___ ____.
Current Problems.
Chapter 9
How does Behavior Therapy Focus on the client's current problems?
By helping people change maladaptive 2 adaptive behaviors
Chapter 9
Behavior Therapy is largely ______ because client learns skills of self-management.
Educational
Chapter 9
List & describe Behavior Therapy's Human Nature View.
Person is producer & product of environment;INCrease INDividual FREEdom & INCrease People’s Skills;Action-Oriented Approach;Role of Responsibility for One’s Behavior
Chapter 9
List the Four Aspects of Behavior Therapy.
CLASSICAL Conditioning, OPERANT Conditioning, SOCIAL Learning Approach, CBT
Chapter 9
What is Classical Conditioning?
NEUTRAL stimulus repeatedly PAIRED with stimulus naturally ELICITS particular response;RESULT: eventually NEUTRAL stimulus alone ELICITS response
Chapter 9
What does Operant Conditioning Focus on?
OPerated ENVironment ACTions: PRODuce CONSequences
Chapter 9
Spell out Operant Conditioning.
IF environmental CHANGE brought about by the behavior is REINFORCING, chances STRENGTHENED behavior reoccurs. If environmental CHANGES produce NO reinforcement, chances LESSENED behavior recurs
Chapter 9
Describe Social Learning Approach
Gives PROMINENCE to the RECIPROCAL interactions BETWEEN an individual’s BEHAVIOR and the ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 9
Describe CBT.
Emphasizes COGNITIVE PROCESSES and PRIVATE EVENTS (e.g. client self-talk) as MEDIATORS of behavior CHANGE.
Chapter 9
BT's 3 GENERAL Therapeutic Goals are
Increase Personal Choice;Create New Learning Conditions;Eliminate Maladaptive Behaviors & Learn more Adaptive Behaviors
Chapter 9
In BT, Client & Therapist collaboratively decide the ___, ___ & ___ treatment goals. (CMO)
Concrete, Measurable, and Objective
Chapter 9
BT Therapist Function & Role:
Active & Directive;Consultant & Problem Solver;Role modeling (observing others’ behavior)
Chapter 9
BT Therapist Function & Role process:
Conduct thorough FUNctional Assessment, FORMulate initial TREATtment Goals, use STRATEGIES for Behavior Change, EVALUATE Change SUCCESS, and conduct a FOLLOW-UP assessment
Chapter 9
BT Client Experience Aspects (4)
taught concrete skills;motivate change;enlarge adaptive behaviors options;continue implementing new behaviors
Chapter 9
True/False: Therapeutic relationship can still contribute significantly to behavior change process (in BT Therapist Client Relationship)
True.
Chapter 9
True/False: client’s positive expectations & hope for change contribute to successful outcomes (in BT Therapist Client Relationship)
True.
Chapter 9
For behavior change to occur in BT, common therapeutic factors (warm, empathy, acceptance) are
Necessary but Not Sufficient
Chapter 9
True/False: Progress due to therapeutic relationship instead of specific behavioral techniques in BT.
False. Opposite: Believe the progress is due to specific behavioral techniques instead of therapeutic relationship
Chapter 9
In BT, and other word for Observational Learning is
Modeling
Chapter 9
Why use Systematic Desensitization in BT?
For Anxiety & Avoidance Reactions
Chapter 9
Operant Conditioning Techniques:
Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment, & Extinction;
Chapter 9
What is considered the “third wave” of behavior therapy?
Mindfulness & Acceptance-Based CBT
Chapter 9
Define MINDFULNESS in Mindfulness & Acceptance-Based CBT
awareness of one’s experiencing in a receptive nonjudgmental way; intentional focus on present experience
Chapter 9
Define ACCEPTANCE in Mindfulness & Acceptance-Based CBT
receiving present experience without judgment; not resignation, but instead an active process of self-affirmation
Chapter 9
___ ___ controlled systematic confrontation w/ feared stimulus, either live or imagined; key process; treats wide range problems: fear & anxiety.
Exposure Therapies
Chapter 9
__ ___ involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than imagining these situations.
In vivo exposure (Live exposure)
Chapter 9
What is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)?
Imaginal flooding exposure therapy w/ cognitive restructuring & rhythmic eye movement use & other bilateral stimulation;Treat traumatic stress disorders & fearful memories.
Chapter 9
Which Exposure therapy involves Brief & graduated exposure to actual fear situation/event?
In Vivo Exposure
Chapter 9
This involves Prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without opportunity to avoid.
Flooding
Chapter 9
Some Examples of (BT) Self-Management include:
self MONITORing, self REWARD
Chapter 9
Social-skills training is a.k.a.
Assertion Training
Chapter 9
Two examples of Multimodal Ther.--Clinical Behav. Ther. are
Technical eclecticism and BASIC ID
Chapter 9
What does Technical eclecticism do?
borrows techniques from other therapy system
Chapter 9
De-acronym the BASIC I.D.
Behavior, Affective responses, Sensations, Images, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationship, Drug, biological functions, nutrition, and exercise
Chapter 9
List some BT Techniques & Procedures.
OPERANT Conditioning techniques;Functional Assessment Model;Systematic Desensitization;RELAXation Training;MODELing;Exposure Therapies;In Vivo Exposure Therapy;In Vivo Flooding;Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR);Assertion Training;Self Management;Multimodal Ther.--Clinical Behav. Ther.
Chapter 9
EMDR, Assertion Training, and Self Management are examples of what?
Behavioral Therapy Techniques and Procedures
Chapter 9
Functional Assessment Model, Systematic Desensitization, relaxation training, and modeling are examples of what?
Behavioral Therapy Techniques and Procedures
Chapter 9
Exposure Therapies and Functional assessment model are examples of what?
Behavioral Therapy Techniques and Procedures
Chapter 9
Dialectical behavior therapy is an example of what?
Mindfulness & Acceptance-Based CBT
Chapter 9
Who developed Dialectical behavior therapy?
Marsha Linehan
Chapter 9
Dialectical behavior therapy is a blend of which principles?
Behavioral & Psychoanalytic
Chapter 9
What thereapy was developed for BPD treatment?
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Chapter 9
What thereapy by Marsha Linehan places primary emphasis on emotion regulation & growing up in an invalidating environment?
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Chapter 9
What four modules is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy taught thru?
Mindfulness;Interpersonal effectiveness;Emotion regulation;Distress tolerance.
Chapter 9
Who Developed Mindfulness-based stress reduction?
Jon Kabat-Zinn
Chapter 9
What Assumption does Mindfulness-based stress reduction make?
We Suffer b/c we Want things to be Different.
Chapter 9
Mindfulness-based stress reduction uses (SDA) thru (FMP).
Sustained Directed Attention thru Formal Meditation Practices
Chapter 9
Mindfulness-based stress reduction places Heavy emphasis on what?
Experiential Learning & Client Self-Discovery
Chapter 9
Which therapy uses MBsr techniques w/ CbT components? (used in Group depression treatment programs)
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive ther.
Chapter 9
Acceptance & Commitment therapy falls under which Behavior Therapy?
Mindfulness & Acceptance-Based Cognitive BT
Chapter 9
What is the Ultimate Goal of Acceptance & Commitment therapy?
Committed Action towards Valued Living
Chapter 9
Which therapy emphasizes AcCepTance of Experience; including Thoughts, Emotions, and Circumstances?
Acceptance & Commitment therapy
Chapter 9
Acceptance & Commitment therapy puts Emphasis on what?
Defusion
Chapter 9
Which therapy focuses on changing thoughts & emotions, rather than altering thought content?
Acceptance & Commitment therapy
Chapter 9
Society attacks early when the individual is helpless.""
B.F. Skinner & Behavior Therapy
Julyana's deck
What is behavior therapy?
1. Based on principles of learning that are systematically applied (goals =specific & measurable)
2. Focusing on the client's current problems
3. Largely educational (teach client's skills of self-management
Julyana's deck
What is the Behavior Therapy view of human nature?
1. Person producer & product of own environment
2. Increase indiv. Freedom & increase people's skills
3. Action-oriented approach
4. Client has responsibility for own behavior
Julyana's deck
What is classical conditioning?
Aspect of behavior therapy. Neutral stimuli paired with stimulus that elicits particular response. Eventually neutral alone elicits the response

REMEMBER: Pavlov's dogs
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Operant Conditioning
Focuses on actions that operate on the environment to produce consequences:
Add stimuli Remove stimuli
Reinforce Increase desired Increase desired
behavior Behavior

Punish Decrease undesired. Decrease
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What are the four aspects of behavior therapy?
1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Social learning approach
4. Cognitive behavior therapy
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True/false: In behavior therapy the therapist is the expert; active and directive consultant and problem solver.
TRUE
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To be taught concrete skills, motivated to change, enlarge options for adaptive behaviors and to continue implementing new behaviors is the client's experience in which therapy?
Behavior Therapy
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True/False: In Behavior Therapy relationship is the most important aspect of behavior change.
FALSE. It can contribute to the process but it is not the major focus of Behav. Therapy
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What does Relaxation Training help one do?
Cope with stress. If you're relaxed you can't experience stress.
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What are the 5 Operant Conditioning techniques?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, positive punishment and negative punishment
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In behavior therapy are the common factors such as warmth, empathy and acceptance: a) necessary and sufficient for behavior change to occur. b) necessary but not sufficient or c) unnecessary
B) necessary but not sufficient
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What is flooding in behavior therapy?
It's a exposure therapeutic technique where client experiences prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli w/out a way out.
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What does BASIC ID stand for in Behav. Therapy?
Behavior, Affective responses, Sensations, Images, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationship, Drug (biological functions, nutrition, and exercise
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What is success attributed to in Behav. therapy?
Behavioral techniques instead of therapeutic relationship
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What is considered the third wave of Behav. therapy?
Mindful and Acceptance-Based cognitive Behavior Therapy.
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In Mindfulness & Acceptance -Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy, what is meant by defusion?
We have a tendency to fuse w/ our thoughts making them seem real. Defusion means separating our selves from that.
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True/False: Mindfulness & Acceptance -Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy is focused in changing the content of one's thoughts and emotions
False, the emphasis is on changing one's relation to those thoughts and emotions.
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From a multicultural perspective, what are some limitations of Behav. ther.?
- need to pay more attention to specific issues of diversity
- need to pay more attention on the context of the sociocultural environment
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What are the major contributions of Behav. ther.?
- Empirical-validated treatment
-3rd party reimbursement
- Behav. Ther. More effective than no therapy
- Education process, client learns about the nature of counseling, specific therapy procedures, benefit/ risks, goals and choice of techniques
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What do those opposing Behav. ther. say about it?
- changes behaviors not feelings
- ignores relational factors
- does not provide insight
- treats symptoms rather than. Causes
- too much control by therapist
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Two multicultural perspective Behavior Therapy Contributions are:
Changing behavior or developing problem-solving skills
client's social & cultural life aspects thoroughly assessed
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Two multicultural perspective Behavior Therapy Limitations are:
Need to pay greater attention to
1) specific diversity issues
2) sociocultural environment context.
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Some Contributions Behavior Therapy are:
Empirical-Validated Treatment
Third party reimbursement
BT more effective than no treatment
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Describe the Behavior Therapy Education process
Clients learn about the nature of counseling, the specific therapy procedures, benefit and risks, decision of therapy goals, and the choice of techniques
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Behavior Therapy Limitations include
Change behavior, not feelings
Ignore relational factors
No insight provided
Treats symptoms rather than causes
Control & manipulation by the therapist
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Name the author & therapy associated with "There are three musts that hold us back: I must do well; you must treat me well; and the world must be easy"
Albert Ellis, CBT
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REBT stands for
Repressed Expressive Binary Therapy;Really Elongated Big Toe;Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy;What a frog says
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REBT Stresses these:
THINKING, judging, deciding, analyzing, & doing
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REBT Assumes that these interact & have a reciprocal cause & effect relationship
COGNITIONS, EMOTIONS, BEHAVIORS (aka Think/Feel/Behave triangle)
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REBT Is highly ___, very ___, and concerned AS MUCH WITH ___ as with Feeling
DIDACTIC, DIRECTIVE, Thinking
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REBT TEACHES our Emotions Stem from where?
our Beliefs, Evaluations, Interpretations, & Reactions to Life Situations
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REBT’s human nature view: We are born with a POTENTIAL for both ___ ___ thinking
RATIONAL & IRRATIONAL
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REBT’s human nature view: We are self-___ (3)
SELF-TALKING, SELF-EVALUATING, & SELF-SUSTAINING
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REBT’s human nature view: We have an INBORN TENDENCY TOWARD __ & __
GROWTH & ACTUALIZATION
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According to the ______ human nature view; We LEARN & INVENT DISTURBING BELIEFS & KEEP OURSELVES DISTURBED THROUGH OUR SELF-TALK
REBT
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REBT’s human nature view: We have the CAPACITY to CHANGE our __ __ & __ PROCESSES
COGNITIVE, EMOTIVE, & BEHAVIORAL
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Where do we learn IRRATIONAL BELIEF from? (according to CBT Emo. Disturb. View)
SIGNIFICANT OTHER DURING CHILDHOOD
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According to CBT Emo. Disturb. View: Teach clients to not feel depressed even when they are what?
unaccepted & unloved by significant others.
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According to CBT Emo. Disturb. View: BLAME is at the core of most what?
Emotional Disturbances
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According to CBT Emo. Disturb. View: IRRATIONAL IDEAS (e.g., I must be loved by everyone) what?
--> internalize --> self-defeating
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According to CBT Emo. Disturb. View: We have a tendency to make ourselves emotionally disturbed by internalizing what?
SELF-DEFEATING BELIEFS
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What is the A-B-C theory of personality?
ID maintaining conditions: systematically gather info. re:
situation ANTECEDENTS (A)
dimensions of the problem BEHAVIOR (B), &
problem CONSEQUENCES (C)
part Ther. Role: funct assessment or behavioral analysis, goal to understand ABC sequence.
model suggests behavior (B) influenced by preceding events: antecedents (A), and by events following, called consequences (C)
Antecedent elicit certain behavior
Consequences: events maintain behavior by increasing or decreasing it
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Use A-B-C-D-E-F to analyze & help Tom, a college sophomore: wants to overcome his shyness around women. He does not date & even does his best to keep away from women because he is afraid they will reject him. But he wants to change this pattern.
Hmmm…
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Use A-B-C-D-E-F to analyze & help Mary: would like to take a course in creative writing, but she fears that she has no talent. She is afraid of failing, afraid of being told that she is dumb, & afraid of follow through with taking the course.
Hmmm…
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According to the ABC CBT Theory (ha!), What do IRRATIONAL IDEAS LEAD TO?
SELF-DEFEATING BEHAVIOR
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According to the ABC CBT Theory (ha!), How do Irrational ideas lead to self-defeating behavior?
Some examples: “I must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life.”; “I must perform important tasks competently & perfectly.”; “If I don’t get what I want, it’s terrible, & I can’t stand it.”
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Summarize the CBT Therapeutic Process.
Therapy seen as an EDUCATIONAL process; Clients learn to: 1) ID & DISPUTE IRRATIONAL BELIEFS; 2) Replace ineffective thinking w/ EFFECTIVE & RATIONAL COGNITIONS; 3) STOP ABSOLUTISTIC THINKING, BLAMING, & repeating false beliefs.
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Some CBT Therapeutic Goals include
A basic goal: Teach clients How to CHANGE THEIR DYSFUNCTIONAL EMOTIONS & BEHAVIORS Into Healthy ones;
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Two Main rebt Goals:
Assist clients to Achieving UNCONDITIONAL SELF-ACCEPTANCE & UNCONDITIONAL OTHER ACCEPTANCE; As clients become more able to accept themselves, they are more likely to unconditionally accept others.
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CBT Therapist’s function & Role:
1. Encourage clients DISCOVER their IRRATIONAL BELIEFS & IDEAS
2. Make connection HOW IRRATIONAL BELIEFS LEAD to EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES
3. Challenge clients to MODIFY/ABANDON IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
4. Dispute irrational beliefs & SUBSTITUTE RATIONAL BELIEFS & BEHAVIORS.
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Client’s Experience in CBT
A Learner: how to apply logical thoughts, experiential exercises, & behavioral homework to problem solving & emotional change
Focus on here-and-now experiences
Little time spent exploring clients’ early history & connecting past & present
Expect to ACTIVELY WORK OUTSIDE THERAPY SESSIONS.
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CBT Therapist/Client Relationship:
Intense relationship UNNECESSARY, but REBT UNCONDITIONALLY ACCEPTS ALL CLIENTS & teaches them to UNCONDITIONALLY ACCEPT OTHERS & THEMSELVES, (accept them as persons but confront their faulty thinking & self-destructive behaviors)
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What did Ellis believe about warmth & understanding in the CBT Therapist/Client Relationship?
Too Much Warmth can be Counter-productive, FOSTERING APPROVAL DEPENDENCE.
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In CBT Therapist/Client Relationship, what do the Therapists shows GREAT FAITH in?
CLIENTS’ ABILITY TO CHANGE THEMSELVES.
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In CBT Therapist/Client Relationship, the Therapists may be open & direct in what?
DISCLOSING THEIR OWN BELIEFS & VALUES
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In CBT Therapist/Client Relationship Transference is what?
Not encouraged; when it occurs the therapist is likely to confront it;(e.g., clients believe that they MUST be liked & loved by their therapists.)
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“If I don’t get what I want, it is not at the end of the world” is an example of a CBT Cog. Meth. to do what?
DISPUTE IRRATIONAL BELIEFS
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3 examples of CBT Meth. of Doing Homework:
Applying ABC theory in daily life problems; Put themselves in risk-taking situations to challenge their self-limiting beliefs; Replace negative self-statement to positive message
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“It would be absolutely awful…” becomes “It would be inconvenient.” is an example of a CBT Cog. Meth. to do what?
Changing one’s Language
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Humorous songs are an example of what CBT Cog. Meth.?
Using Humor
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Imagining the worst things that could happen to them is an example of what?
CMT RATIONAL-EMOTIONAL IMAGERY Emotional Technique
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Role playing is an example of
CBT Emotional Technique
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Give an example of the CBT Shame-attacking exercise
Take a risk to do something that they are afraid to do because of what others might think…until they realize that their feelings of shame are self-created.
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“From intellectual to emotional insight” and “Reverse role playing” are examples of which CBT technique?
Use of force & vigor
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True/False: CBT Behavioral Techniques use most of the standard behavioral therapy approaches.
True
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Most CBT research studies focus only on __ __ & do not consider __ & __ methods.
focus COGNITIVE METHODS, ignore EMOTIVE & BEHAVIORAL
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Give examples of areas REBT has been widely applied to:
Anxiety, Depression, Psychotic Disorders, Problems Of Sex, Love, & Marriage, Crisis, Couple & Family Therapy…
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As a result of his research on depression, this dead white guy developed an approach known as Cognitive Therapy (CT)
Aaron T. Beck
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____ is Insight-focused therapy
Cognitive Therapy (CT)
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CT Emphasizes changing what?
NEGATIVE THOUGHTS & MALADAPTIVE BELIEFS
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3 CT Theoretical Assumptions
1) People’s internal communication is accessible to introspection
2) Clients’ beliefs have highly personal meanings
3) meanings discovered by client rather than taught or interpreted by the therapist.
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Basic CT Theory:
To understand nature of EMOTIONAL EPISODE/DISTURBANCE: individual’s REACTION to UPSETTING EVENT or stream of thoughts - COGNITIVE CONTENT focus essential
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CT Goals.
Change way clients think,
using their AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS,
Reach CORE SCHEMATA & begin Introducing Schema Restructuring idea
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CT Principles:
Observe Automatic Thoughts (OAT),
Identify Cognitive Distortions (ICD),
ask for evidences for reality testing cognitive distortions
(Ax Evid. Reality Tv CD)
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Making conclusions WITHOUT supporting & relevant EVIDENCE is an example of
ARBITRARY inferences
Chapter 10 - CT Cognitive Distortion
Forming conclusions based on an ISOLATED detail of an event is an example of
SELECTIVE abstraction
Chapter 10 - CT Cognitive Distortion
Based on ONE SINGLE INCIDENT & applying them to dissimilar events is an example of
OVERGENERALIZATION
Chapter 10 - CT Cognitive Distortion
Perceiving a case or situation in a GREATER or LESSER light than it truly deserves is an example of
MAGNIFICATION & MINIMIZATION
Chapter 10 - CT Cognitive Distortion
Relate external events TO THEMSELVES even when there is no basis for the connection is an example of
PERSONALIZATION
Chapter 10 - CT Cognitive Distortion
Portraying one’s IDENTITY on the basis of imperfections or MISTAKES made in the past is an example of
LABELING & MISLABELING
Chapter 10 - CT Cognitive Distortion
Thinking in ALL-OR-NOTHING terms is an example of
POLARIZED thinking
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CT Client-Therapist Relationship is ___N/S___ to produce therapeutic effect.
necessary, but NOT SUFFICIENT
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CT Client-Therapist Relationship Encourages clients to take an __ __ in self-discovery.
Active Role
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CT Client-Therapist Relationship Aims to what?
1) teach client how to be their own therapist,
2) educate clients re: nature of their problem & CT process, & how thoughts influence their emotions & behaviors.
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CT Client-Therapist Relationship uses ___ to __ their ___ in daily-life situations.
HOMEWORK to TEST their BELIEFS
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Using CT’s Cog. Triad, list & describe the Pattern that triggers depression.
1. Client HOLDS NEGATIVE VIEW OF THEMSELVES and blames themselves
2. Selective abstraction: Client has tendency to INTERPRET EXPERIENCES IN A NEGATIVE MANNER
3. Client has a GLOOMY VISION & PROJECTIONS for the FUTURE
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List some CT Applications
depression & anxiety treatment; stress management; parent training; treating various clinical disorders
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CBM is short for
Cognitive Behavior Modification
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DWM --> CBM
Donald Meichenbaum
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What is Cognitive Behavior Modification’s Focus?
CHANGING client’s self-verbalizations or SELF-STATEMENTS.
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What is Cognitive Behavior Modification’s Premise?
A prerequisite to behavior change, clients must NOTICE HOW THEY THINK, FEEL, & BEHAVE, & what IMPACT they have on OTHERS
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What is Cognitive Behavior Modification’s Basic assumption?
DISTRESSING EMOTIONS are typically the RESULT OF MALADAPTIVE THOUGHTS.
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Describe the Self-instructional CBM therapy focus.
1) Train clients modify self-given instructions they give to themselves so they can cope
2)Emphasis is on acquiring practical coping skills
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List 3 Phases How Behavior Changes
1. Self-observation
2. Start new internal dialogue
3. Learn new skills
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List/Describe 3 Phases how Behavior Changes
1. Self-observation: Listen to themselves, realize they contribute to their depression through how they think, & develop new cognitive structures
2. Start new internal dialogue: See adaptive behavioral alternatives
3. Learn new skills: Teaching more effective coping skills
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Describe CBM Cog. Structure.
1) ORGANIZED THINKING ASPECT, seems to MONITOR & DIRECT CHOICE of THOUGHTS
2) “EXECUTIVE PROCESSOR,” “HOLDS BLUEPRINTS of THINKING” determine when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking
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List & Describe 3-Phase Stress inoculation training Coping Skills Program
1. CONCEPTUAL phase (creating working client relationship)
2. Skills Acquisition & Rehearsal phase (give coping skills to apply to stressful situations)
3. Application & Follow-Thru phase: Transfer change to real world
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CBM multicultural perspective Contributions
1) Diverse populations appreciate emphasis on cognition & actions
2)Challenge rigid thinking (e.g., “should”) instead of questioning values
3)Stress individuals relationship to family, community, & systems
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CBM multicultural perspective Limitations
1) Tho core belief important in CBT – must be sensitive to cultural background & context
2) Value “working hard”-->feel ashamed for not living up to expectations; [divorce brings shame to her family]
3) Diverse clients may: hesitate question basic cultural values and may value interdependence & may feel difficult to be independent
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REBT Contributions:
focus on how we interpret & react to the events; put insight into action; teach clients ways to carry out their own therapy without depending on therapists
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CT Contributions:
research supports CT empirically validated treatment; focus on detailed case conceptualization to understand clients; an eclectic psychotherapy
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Limitation: Ellis
too confrontational; ignoring “past”; power imbalance
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CT Limitations:
too much positive thinking focus
being too simplistic
denying past
too technique-oriented
fails to use therapeutic relationship
works only to reduce symptoms
fails to explore underlying causes of difficulties
ignores unconscious factors & emotions.
Chapter 10