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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Electrodes on the scalp measure voltage.
Reflects synchronous activities of neurons Principally measures activity of pyramid neurons in cortex. |
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Beta Brain Wave
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Alert, excited, active, working; 13-30 Hz
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Alpha Brain Wave
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Relaxed, "reflecting", closed eyes, coma; 8-13 Hz
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Theta Brain Wave
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Drowsy, 4-8 Hz
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Delta Brain Wave
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Deep sleep, up to 4 Hz
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Gamma Brain Wave
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Somatosensory 30-100 Hz
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Mu Brain Wave
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Sensorimotor 8-13
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Sleep Stages- Stage 1
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Beginning of sleep, theta waves appear, easy to wake, body relaxed, hypogenic jerks common, people awakened claim they were not sleeping
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Sleep Stages- Stage 2
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Similar to and just after REM sleep except that dreaming is rare and it includes sigma waves (sleep spindles) and K-complexes in the EEG
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Sleep Stages- Stage 3
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Slow wave sleep, deep sleep, difficult to arouse, slow breathing, delta waves predominate, people who waken are groggy, sleep deprivation results in SWS rebound so it thought to be a biological need
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Sleep Stages - REM
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Greatest insensitivity to external simulation, near paralysis, newborns can sleep for 16 hours, report dreaming when awaken
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Hyponogogic jerks --> falling sensation --> myoclunus
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Sleep Onset
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Hypnogogic Hallucinations
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Spots, lines, geometric,
Motions sounds |
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Sleep Paralysis
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Hallucinations such as humming, tingles, even alien abductions together with REM paralysis even though not totally REM sleep
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Sleep Walking- occurs in slow wave sleep, 4% of adults
Sleep Talking- both REM and nonREM sleep Sleep Terrors- difficult to calm, often have amnesia of event, Teeth grinding Rest Leg Syndrome |
Non-REM Parasomnia
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REM Parasomnia - Sleep Paralysis
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A mixture of REM and non REM states during which the patient has REM atonia but it is either falling asleep or waking
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Because we get sleepy, all animals do, for development, to maximize safety for natural selection
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Theories on why we sleep
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Freud: manifest and latent content, emotional concerns (right), disguised wishes (wrong)
Hobson: activation synthesis hypothesis |
Why We Dream
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Chronic- more than month
Causes: caffeine, RLS, pain, jet lag, |
Sleep Disorder: Insomnia
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Sudden sleep. autoimmune disorder, deficiency in hypocretin/orexin in hypothalamus
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Sleep Disorder: Narcolepsy
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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The brain's biological clock especially for circadian rhythms
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Serotonin
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Low levels mat be related to SIDS
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Dopamine
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Target of most prescription drugs used by physicians to induce wakefulness
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Melatonin
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Secreted by the pineal gland the hormone of darkness in both diurnal and nocturnal animals,
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Cortisol
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Stress Hormone, peaks at 8 AM and troughs at midnight
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-When it is intense
-If we wake during it -If we are not distracted upon waking |
When do we remember dreams?
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