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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Indirect Realism
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we know the world through other things that connect us to the world
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Molyneux's Premise
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noticed that distance is not perceived by the eye, link between the environment and organisms. Images are two dimensional and require construction and reconstruction
Distance is not perceived by the eye |
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Proximal stimulus
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the pattern reflected onto own retina (the image that we have access too)
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Empiricism
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how we know scientifically; done through experience, knowledge, and learning
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Theory of Specific Nerve Energies
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perception depends on nerve energies reaching the brain and the specific quality we experience depends on which nerves are stimulated
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Theory of unconscious inference
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cues and rules generate internalized knowledge, which is used later to make sense of perceptions
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psychophysics
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measurement of the relationship between energy and sensation; studies the properties of energy that are perceived
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absolute threshold
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minimum energy for something to be sensed or detected
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Method of Limits
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present stimulus in ascending to descending order, absolute threshold is determined by calculating the average of all crossover points
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Weber's Law
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Mindful processes can be studied in a scientific manner
Change in intensity over initial intensity is equal to Weber's constant |
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Magnitude estimation
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intensity in order to be perceived, allows one to probe mental states
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power law (aka Steven's power law)
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P = k(I^n), perception of the subjective magnitude of stimulus
k = constant, P = perceived magnitude, I = intensity of stimulus, n = slope of the line in log-plots (power) |
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wavelength
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distance between two peaks of wavelength, responsible for perception of color
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amplitude
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physical characteristic of a wavelength corresponding to intensity
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lens
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has varying optical power, changes shape to accommodate objects at different distances (has an autofocus)
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photoreceptors
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convert light into neural activity, located in retina
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rods (5 items)
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work in dim light, work in black and white, adapts slowly but better, situated across the periphery, more plentiful, many to one connections (more sensitive because of many to one connections)
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cones (6 items)
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acts fast but adapts less, work best in bright conditions, clarity (acuity), color, one to one connections, fewer in number
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many to one mapping
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pooling signals together allows for a greater sensitivity (greater excitation, signals neurons)
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one to one mapping
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allows for more detail to be provided for, keeps signals separate; need more light to fire
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ganglion
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neuron in the retina that receives inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells, axons of ganglion cells travel out the eye in the optic nerve; respond to electrical signals of the photoreceptors
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receptive field
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area on receptor surface that affects firing of neuron when stimulated
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acuity
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smallest high contrast detail perceived at a given distance
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lateral inhibition
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inhibition transmitted laterally across a nerve circuit, transmitted by horizontal and amacrine cells.
tries to stop the firing of adjacent ganglion cells (creates illusory consequences) |
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Mach's Bands
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perception of a thin dark band on the dark side of a light-dark border and a thin light band on the light side of the border (illusion because there is no actual intensity change)
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receptor
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neuron sensitive to environmental energy that changes this energy into electrical signals in nervous system; receive differing energy amounts and have different firing rates
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simple cells
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neuron in visual cortex that responds best to bars of a particular orientation
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complex cells
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prefer movement of features in a particular direction; have larger receptive fields and interested in a variety of features (size, shape, movement, direction)
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inhibition
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condition that decreases the likelihood that nerve impulses will be generated
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complementary color
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if pure 1 + pure 2 + (other colors) is white, then pure 1 and pure 2 are considered to be complementary colors
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metamers
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different physical stimuli with identical mental effects (i.e. two lights that have different wavelength distributions but are perceptually identical)
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blindspot
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the small area where the optic nerve leaves the back of they eye; there are no visual receptors in this area; small images on blind spot cannot be seen.
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brightness
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dependent on the intensity of the wavelength (trichromatic theory)
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brightness contrast
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perception of color in one area is affected by surroundings (good for discriminating edges, also leads to lateral inhibition)
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color blindness
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a condition in which a person perceives no chromatic color; can be caused by absent or malfunctioning cone receptors or by cortical damage
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color afterimages
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when seeing a stimulus and it is removed, the resulting perception is the complementary color
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visual cortex
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part of the brain that corresponds to the right or the left visual field
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dark adaptation
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increased sensitivity to lack of light as one stays in the dark. Cones act for the first five minutes, rods adapt more but over a longer period of time.
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difference threshold
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smallest difference between stimuli that can be detected
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excitation
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response of nerve fiber in which the firing rate increases
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fovea
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located on the retina, only cones receptors are located there, where most images are formed
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hue
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perceived color, dependent on the wavelength of light(and which opponent pair is active)
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identification acuity (?)
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being able to distinguish between different stimuli
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illusion
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seeing something differently from the way it is
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lightness contrast
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black-white opponent cell activity
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just noticeable difference
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smallest amount of difference between intensity of stimuli that can be noticed
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opponent pair
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organization into pairs (blue-yellow and red-green complementary colors) that are antagonistic to one another
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saturation
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relative amount of whiteness in a chromatic color (the less whiteness a color contains, the more saturated it is)
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sensitivity
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ability to detect a stimulus without much stimulus intensity
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single cell recording
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psychophysical method using electrodes and presenting a stimuli on a specific part of the retina
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spectral purity
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one wavelength (as opposed to multiple wavelengths)
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threshold
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the point at which energy can be detected
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transduction
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transformation of environmental energy into electrical signals
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associatioins
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sensations that habitually occur together become linked together mentally
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nativism
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rules and knowledge are built into the system from birth
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