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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the features of Locke’s state of nature.
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lack of stability and security
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What is the “law of nature” and why is this law relevant in the state of nature, a condition without any government?
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how society would act without a governing force, dont restrict anything natural
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What are the problems associated with the state of nature? (John Locke) (3)
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1. no established known law to distinguish right from wrong
2. no known and indifferent judge with authority to interpret law 3. no centralized executive power to enforce the law |
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What is Locke’s “self-ownership thesis” and how does he use this thesis to justify property ownership rights? (4)
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1. everyone owns property and themselves
2. control your own labor power 3. no one has right to abuse self ownership 4. your work adds value and ownership |
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What is the chief limitation to property rights and how does the introduction of money allow for individuals to avoid this limitation? (John Locke)
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no spoilage of property- instead trade money for things
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The ultimate purpose of government is to protect what? (John Locke)
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basic human rights
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Why are absolute monarchies considered to operate against the legitimate purpose of government? (JL)
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Their work is not as valuable as it is in the state of nature.
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What is the purpose of government? (JM)
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to control factions
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What are factions and why are they dangerous? (JM)
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number of citizens that share a common interest
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Should we eliminate the causes of factionalism or control its effects? (JM)
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control its effects
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What are the central tenets of mercantilism? (AS)
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a nation's wealth, reduce imports- encourage exports, war and colonalism
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What does Smith mean by the “division of labor”? (AS)
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-one man to a specific task
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Why is the division of labor a precondition of wealth accumulation and what is wrong with mercantilist theory? (AS)
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1. increase dexerity in the worker
2. saves time from moving from one thing to another 3. application of proper machinery |
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Be able to articulate the harm principle and what commitments this principle entails. (3 things)
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1. protection of freedom of thought
2. protection of the freedom of others as long as it doesnt harm others 3. protection of the freedom of assembly without harming others |
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You should also understand Mill’s defense of the freedom of expression (free speech rights).
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The opinion of one is powerful. There is some truth to every opinion, and to discard one is to not recognizing truth.
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Why is it important that Mill believes that individuals are fallible and how does this support his defense of free speech rights?
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We need to be able to critically think about things constantly. Even if we know something is false, we need to constantly strengthen our argument.
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What are Mill’s four arguments in defense of free speech rights?
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1. If an opinion is false, let the believers express it
2. most opinions contain some bits of truth 3. it is wrong to silence opinions even if they are wrong 4. social intolerance does not eliminate opinions |
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Should the economy be centrally planned or decentralized? (FAH)
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.decentralized
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Is scientific knowledge the sum of all knowledge? (FAH)
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embedded knowlegde- everyone has unique information
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What other kind of knowledge is essential for organizing the economy? (FAH)
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supply and demand
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What is dialectical materialism? (Marx)
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1. Primitive communalism
2. slave owning society 3. feudalism 4. capitalism |
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Why does Marx believe that history moves through stages?
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it goes through waves- contradictions and antagonisms which leads to crises, revolutions, and ultimately new modes of production.
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What is the logic of capitalism and why is capitalism destined to fail? (Marx)
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if you are rational, you have no improvement in envs or labor
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What is the importance of the concept of surplus value? (Marx)
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you have over qualified people in base jobs. cheep labour
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What is the importance of unemployment to the functioning of capitalism? (Marx)
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it holds a reserve army of labourers
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What is the relation between the base and superstructure? (Marx)
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base is economy and superstructure is the government, family, religion, culture, education
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Be able to describe what Marx means by “alienation” and “estranged labour”.
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alienation- become poorer the more work you produce
estranged labor- think factory worker |
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How did Lenin amend Marxism?
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crises are not as frequent as thought- so there needs to be revision
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What is the role of the vanguard in Lenin’s interpretation of Marxism?
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to be able to revolt and be leader in the peasant class
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What are the steps of the withering away of the state? (Lenin)
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1. dictatorship of the proletariat (working class)
2. take what you want according to your needs |
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What are Rocco and Mussolini’s critiques of liberalism?
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very atomistic
(individuals make up the whole) anti-historical (destroys generational connect) |
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How is liberalism similar to socialism, according to Rocco and Mussolini?
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-want the welfare of the individuals not the national community
-differ when it comes to distribution of wealth and production |
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Be able to describe Hitler’s theory of nature.
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species stick together- cross breeding weakens the race
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What happens if there is “cross-breeding” between a “superior” and “inferior” “species”?
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you get a non superior species
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Why is the Aryan race superior to Jews according to Hitler?
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they are perfect
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What does Hitler mean that the Jews lack a “idealistic outlook”?
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being able to pursue something even if you know it will fail. Have 100% faith in things even if they are not going to turn out
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In what way does Hitler compare the public to a woman?
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submissive, influenced by abstract reasoning
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Why does Goldman argue that all forms of government rest on violence?
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it's the overall threat
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What are Goldman’s critiques of religion, property, and government?
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religion- god is everything
property- its only purpose is to flaunt wealth government- its only purpose is to be an absolute subordination of the individual |
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According to Chomsky, how should society be organized?
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bottom up
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What is the “nonaggression axiom” and why is this axiom the normative foundation of Rothbard’s political philosophy?
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no one may aggress against the person or property of anyone else
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What is the natural law of man?
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to be free to learn, choose and develop and act upon knowledge and values
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Who does Rothbard borrow his “self-ownership” idea from?
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Lockey
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According to Rothbard, should property rights be balanced against and limited by the interests of society?
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no. property rights should be stable and you own yourself
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Why does Rothbard want to abolish the State?
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it is damaging to everyone- taxes and war
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Which public institutions does Rothbard want to privatize?
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everything under the sun
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You should know what Berlin means when he claims that there is a “plurality of values” and that this plurality cannot be reduced to a single all-inclusive value.
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values are all held on a spectrum
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