Protists And Fungi

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protists

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eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

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what are the 3 types of protists

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1. Protozoans-animal like-are heterotrophs; feed on other animals or autotrophs

2. fungus like-heterotrophs that feed on decaying matter

3. algae-plant like protists that make their own food by photosynthesis

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How do we classify protozoans?

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by how they move

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zooflagellates

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move by the means of one or more flagella--long thin wip like structures

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pseudopodia

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move by pushing their cytoplasm and plasma membrane into feet-like extensions

Ex. Amoebas

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forums

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move with pseudopodia and have porous shells made of organic material and hard calcium carbonate

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ciliates

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move and feed using hair-like projections called cilia

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how many types of nuclei can ciliates have?

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2 types:

1. macronucleus-coordinates various cellular activities

2. micronucleus-80 in the cell; involved in sexual reproduction

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apicomplexans

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are parasites and do not move on their own

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plasmodial slime mold

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type of branching protist often found on decaying logs

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plasmodium

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a single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei but no cell membranes or cell walls

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sporangia

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reproductive structures that develop when food and water are in short suupply

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what happens when condtions become favorable for sporangia?

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they can reprodruce and release haploid cells

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cellular slime molds

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decomposers that live mainly on decaying organic matter (have both unicellular and multicellular stages in life cycle)

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water molds

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decompose dead plants and animals in freshwater habitats

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what are the forms of water molds?

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1.single elled organisms

2. thin, branching filaments that contain many nuclei

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downy mildew

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spores are spread by the wind; are plant parasites

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Are algae mutlicellur or unicellular?

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they can be both

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euglenoids

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group of single celled, phtosynthetic algae that have on or two flagella and lack cell walls that live in freshwater

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dinoflagellates

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unicellular, photosynthetic algae with a cell wall made of cellulose and two flagella

found in both freshwater and saltwater and are part of a plankton

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plankton

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communities of mostly microscopic organisms that drift or swim near the surface of ponds, lakes and oceans

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phytoplankton

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photosynthetic organisms in plankton

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zooplankton

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protozoans and tiny animals in plankton

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diatoms

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unicellular algae, have glass-like cell wall

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seaweed

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large, multicellular marine algae

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what are the 3 groups that seaweeds are classified in?

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1. green algae- unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species; named for their green chloroplasts

2. brown algae-biggest and most complex seaweeds

Ex. kelp

3. red algae-live in the deepest water; can absorb deep-penetrating blue and green light

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what are 2 processes on how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells?

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1. infolding-internal membrane in eukaryotic cells evolved from inward folds of the plasma membrane of earlt prokatyotic cells

2. endosymbiosis-chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from small prokaryotes that lived within other larger cells--present day mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to prokaryotic cells

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hyphae

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tiny threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane and covered by a cell wall

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mycelium

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hyphae of a single fungus typically branch as they grow, forming an interwoven mat; functions as feeding structure

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absorptive nutrition

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obtains food by absorbing small organic molecules from its surroundings

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spores

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reproduce by releasing large numbers of microscopic haploid cells

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where do zygote fungi live?

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in soil or on decaying plant and animal matter

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sporangia

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when food is availabe, zygote fungus reproduce asexually with spore-forming structures at the tips of the hyhae

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zygosporangium

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a thick-walled reproductive structure that is formed when two the mycelia of two parent organisms come together

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what happens in the zygosporangium?

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haploid nuclei fuse and form dipoid nuclei--> undergo meoisis and procude haploid spores

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why are sac fungi called sac fungi?

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they have a reproductives tructure called and ascus that contains spores

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how do sac fungi reproduce?

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when conditions are favorable they reproduce asexually and when conditions are harsh, they reproduce sexually

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dikaryotic hypa

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the joining of two genetically different mycelia in which each cell contain 2 different nuclei

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fruiting body

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reproductive structure above ground where haploid spores are produced

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what makes a club fungi a clib fungi?

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they have a club-shaped spore producing structure: basidium (sexual reproduction)

Ex. mushrooms, puffballs, and rusts

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yeasts

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single celled fungi that inhabit liquid ot moist habitats

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how do yeasts reproduce?

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1. asexuallly by budding

2. sexually

3. can neither produce by asexually or sexually (imperfect fungi)

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mold

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any fungus that grows rapidly on a surface

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lichen

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mutulaistic pairing of algae and fungus

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mycorrhizae

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symbiotic relatioship between fungal hyphae and plant roots

fungi absorbs water and essential nutrients from the soil and provide them to the plant