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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endosymbiont theory |
mitcochondria and plastids were formally prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. |
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serial enodsymbiosis |
theory that plastids evolved after mitochondria in eukaryotes |
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phototrophs |
use energy from light to acquire carbon from carbon dioxide |
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heterotrophs |
absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles
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mixotrophs |
combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
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primary endosymbiosis |
formation of a chloroplast from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium within a eukaryotic host |
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archaeplastida |
group that includes green and red algae |
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secondary endosymbiosis |
plastid aquisition events occurred on several diffferent occasions via an endosymbiosis between red or green algae with a non-photosynthetic eukaryote host |
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processes in evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes |
1) loss of cell wall 2) infolding of plasma membrane and elaboration of internal membrane structure 3) development of cytoskeleton 4) endosymbiosis of bacteria |
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membrane infolding |
host cell infolded its membrane to help contain the two prokaryote cells. Membrane did not dissolve, this is why eukaryotes have a membrane around mitochondria and chloroplasts. Continued infolding may have resulted in endomembrane system |
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Giardia: -Supergroup excavata -Group diplomonada -lacks peroxisomes, chloroplasts and mitochondria -anaerobic -coenocytic-> 2 nuclei -4 flagella |
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Dinoflagellate chromosome and cell cycle oddities |
-chromosomes are numerous -chromosomes remain condensed throughout the cell cycle, even during interphase -nuclear envelope persists during mitosis |
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Apicomplexans |
ex. plasmodium-> malaria -all descendent from algae -used to have chloroplasts-> now have apicoplasts - |
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Oomycetes |
-have same filamentous growth habit with fungi but arose due to convergent evolution-> analagous -have 2 flagella -have cellulose in their cell walls -diploid nuclei in hyphae -ecological roles= decomposers, plant pathogens |
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phytophthora infestans |
-Oomycete -cause of the late blight of potatoes and the irish potato famine |
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plasmopara viticola |
-Oomycete -cause of downey mildew of grape, France |
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Diatoms |
-responsible for 40-50% of marine photosynthesis and 20-25% of planets photosynthesis -cells surrounded by two silica shells |
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What processes led to the development of eukaryotes from prokaryotes? |
1) invagination of the cell wall 2) development of the cytoskeleton 3) endosymbiosis of mitochondria and plastid |
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Differences between spore and gamete |
-spore is specialized for dispersal and unfavourable conditions -spore does not fuse with another cell -spore can undergo mitosis, gamete does NOT |
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Brown algae life cycle |
-sporophyte generation is dominant -sporophyte and gametophyte look very different |
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Euglena supergroup excavata group euglenazoa |
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supergroup excavata african sleeping sickness |
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peridinium supergroup chromalveolata group alveolata subgroup dinoflagellata **red tide -2 flagella |
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malaria |
supergroup chromalveolata group alveolata subgroup apicomplexa vector: anopheles mosquito |
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paramecium supergroup chromalveolata group alveolata subgroup ciliophora -have cilia -food vacuoles -contractile vacuoles -food follows route through the cytoplasm where it is digested by enzymes and then is released through the anal pore |
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supergroup chromalveolata group stramenopila subgroup bacillatiophyta -marine and freshwater phytoplankton -unicellular |
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brown algae subgroup phaeophyta -multicellular |
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saprolegnia ferax subgroup oomycota -water moulds -important decomposers |
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supergroup rhizaria foraminifera shells -contain calcium carbonate |
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group radiolaria -shells composed of silica |
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amoeba supergroup unikonta subgroup gymnamoeba |
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supergroup archaeplastida group chlorophyta chlamydomonas -flagellated green algae -unicellular |
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supergroup archaeplastida volvox -colonial form of green algae -2 flagella |
