Proteins Pt1

Front 1

A macronutrient
Organic
Contains food energy - 4 kcal/gram
A significant body component at about 15% of total normal weight

Back 1

protein

Front 2

nutrient functions of ?
-structural (collagen)
-regulatory (enzymes, hormones)
-providing (a minor role)

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protein

Front 3

-protein is a polymer (long, chemically linked chain) of

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amino acids

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There are different ___ ____that are used to make up all the proteins in the body.

-All have the generic structure in common

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amino acids

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Each of the ____ ____has a different side chain that makes it unique in shape, in size and in chemical properties.

There are names for all 20 of the _____ ____

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amino acids

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Of the 20 amino acids, 11 can be made in the body.

Nine amino acids must be obtained from food, so they are _______. So protein is a nutrient because we must obtain 9 of the amino acids in protein from food.

Protein is not______, the amino acids are; just like fat is not ____, the EFAs are.

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essential

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Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine

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essential amino acids

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The 11 _____ ____ amino acids are made from other amino acids, some of which are essential.

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non essential

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An amino acids that is normally nonessential but is made from an essential amino acid.
Under special circumstances, when the need for it exceeds that body’s ability to produce it, it must be supplied by the ___PKU-phenylalanine cannot convert to tyrosine and so tyrosine becomes essential.
Other occurrences are rare -disease, infancy

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diet

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Amino acids bond together to form the long chains called _____The bond between 2 amino acids is called a ____ bond.

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polypeptides
peptides

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______ –2 amino acids linked together

______ – 3 amino acids linked together

________– 3-50 AAs linked together

_______ –more than 50 AAs linked together

Important proteins in the body range from dipeptides to a protein containing 34,000 amino acids (titan).

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dipeptide
tripeptide
Oligopeptide
Polypeptide

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A different segment of a ____is used to make each unique protein.

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chromosome

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Our genes make us unique and our genes are used to make proteins which are used to make everything else in our bodies.

Who we are is expressed through the _____ that we make.

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proteins

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Each type protein has a specific SEQUENCE of ____ ____dictated by our genes (DNA).

The ____ ____ sequence determines the shape of each protein. The side chains of each amino acid repels, or attracts, or neither, to the other side chains in the protein creating a unique shape based upon the sequence of amino acids. Having the exact same ____ ____ in two peptide chains but 2 different sequences will result in two different shapes, and therefore 2 different functions.

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amino acids

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Changes in genetic material MAY cause changes in a ____. If a single specific molecule is removed or replaced by another it may result in a protein that is not functional.

A change in DNA is called a ______.

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protein
mutation

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___ __ ___ is caused by the replacement of 1 amino acid for another in the polypeptide, hemoglobin.

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sickle cell anemia

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_____ is a part of every living cell-as parts of cell membranes, as enzymes, etc.

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protein

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____ ____, a large protein that acts as a connective molecule, forming tendons, ligaments, scar tissue and the foundations of bones and teeth
Part of blood clots
-keratin is a part of hair and nails

50% of protein in the body is used for structures

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structural collagen

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-Hormones like insulin (controls glucose uptake) , glucagon (controls glycogen breakdown), thyroxine (controls growth and metabolic activities)

-Enzymes like lactase, lipase, DNA polymerase. Thousands of enzymes are in a single cell.

-fluid balance regulators, like albumins and globulins, that help maintain blood pressure and others that maintain water balance inside and outside of cells

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regulatory
(protein functions)

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-help maintain acid-base balance
Blood proteins act as ______ to maintain the blood’s normal pH
The protein buffers pick up hydrogens when there are too many in the bloodstream
The protein buffers release hydrogens when there are too few in the bloodstream

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regulatory
buffers
( protein functions)

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Other functions-
Supports growth and maintenance
-parts of new body structures
-replaces worn structures (intestinal cells live about 3 days, red blood cells 3-4 months, skin cells are shed constantly)

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protein functions

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Immunity
-Large proteins of the blood-Produced by the immune system-Distinguish between “foreign” and “self” proteins-Inactivate foreign proteins
-Specific to the ‘invading’ object (bacteria, virus, etc)
-Constantly renewing or making new antibodies

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antibodies
(protein functuions)

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Providing _______other compounds of the body

Genetic material (DNA, RNA), as well other molecules contains nitrogen. The nitrogen is taken from an amino acid ad incorporated into these molecules.

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nitrogen
(protein functions)

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Providing energy-a minor role

Providing energy-only about 10% of proteins in food is used for energy. The role is minor for a weight-stable person.
The process of using proteins (really amino acids) for energy is inefficient and costly, energy wise.

Providing glucose in time of need (gluconeogenesis)

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protein functions

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_______ ___ a minor role

To use an amino acid for energy, the nitrogen must be removed and used elsewhere or discarded.

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providing energy
(proteins)

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_ n food provide the highest feeling of satiety.
Eating some protein with each meal helps control food intake.

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proteins

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Cooking helps?protein and looses connective tissue.

?certain treatments will break the attractions between the side chains of a polypeptide. This causes the peptide to unfold, causing it to lose its function.

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denature
protein denaturation

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So ?starts if a food is cooked, whipped or exposed to acid (ceviche).

Food is mechanically broken into smaller pieces in the mouth but no chemical digestion occurs.

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denaturation

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activated by acids, digest proteins from food, denatured by acid
The coating of mucus secreted by the stomach wall protects its proteins from attack by either acids or enzymes
The normal acid of the stomach is so strong (pH 1.5) that no food is acidic enough to make it stronger
The amount of both the acid produced and pepsin is controlled by a hormone, gastrin.

Proteins are cut by pepsins into short peptide chains before moving into the small intestine

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enzymes pepsins

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?from the pancreas neutralize the acid delivered from the stomach.
More protein-digesting enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine continue breaking down protein until nearly all that is left are dipeptides, tripeptides, or single amino acids

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alkaline juices

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Proteins must be broken into amino acids before they are absorbed in the ?. NO protein or polypeptides are absorbed, only amino acids.

-no oral insulin

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small intestine

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Specific amino acids are absorbed at specific sites in the small intestine so taking large amounts of 1 amino acids could prohibit absorption of chemically similar amino acids.

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cautions