Protein Synthesis, Dna Rep + Reproduction

Front 1

nucleic acids are made up of?

Back 1

organic C H O N P sugar phosphate and base

Front 2

What do are nucleic acids?

Back 2

macromolecules which dictate the amino acid sequence of proteins, which turn control basic life processes

Front 3

What do nucleic acids store?

Back 3

genetic information in the form of a code

Front 4

how are nucleic acids passed on?

Back 4

from parent to offspring

Front 5

What is the structure of a nucleic acid?

Back 5

long chain of nucleotides

Front 6

what is a nucleotide made up of

Back 6

a sugar phosphate and a base

Front 7

if the sugar is ribose in the nucleotide the nucleic acid is

Back 7

RNA

Front 8

if the sugar in the nucleotide is deoxyribose, then the nucleic acid is

Back 8

DNA

Front 9

There are four different nitrogen bases in a nucleotide, they are

Back 9

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

Front 10

what do hydrogen bonds do?

Back 10

hold DNA together

Front 11

hydrogen bonds occur between what two bases

Back 11

adenine&thymine cytosine&guanine

Front 12

DNA is composed of how many strands of ___

Back 12

complimentary strands of nucleic acids

Front 13

hydrogen bonds with the complementary bases cause

Back 13

the twisting of the two chains of nucleic acids

Front 14

the result of this twisting is called...

Back 14

double helix

Front 15

In RNA what base is not present?

Back 15

thymine

Front 16

although thymine is not present a similar compound is..called

Back 16

uracil

Front 17

RNA is not double stranded but..

Back 17

single stranded

Front 18

translation occurs with

Back 18

proteins

Front 19

transcription occurs with

Back 19

RNA

Front 20

A genome is the

Back 20

sum of all genetic information for all organisms

Front 21

DNA controls everything indirectly by..

Back 21

controlling proteins

Front 22

how does DNA dictate protein function

Back 22

by directing the primary structure of every protein in an organism

Front 23

DNA usually works through RNA because RNA

Back 23

directly carries out proteins synthesis

Front 24

messenger RNA is the specific type of RNA involved in the

Back 24

synthesis of amino acids

Front 25

mRNA can be compared to a photocopy of DNA because unlike DNA

Back 25

it can travel throughout the cell

Front 26

the copying of DNA into mRNA must be exact, or

Back 26

the wrong proteins will be synthesized

Front 27

A triplet is what codes for

Back 27

amino acids

Front 28

In transcription you go from

Back 28

acid to acid

Front 29

complimentary base pairing is a

Back 29

hydrogen bond

Front 30

a codon is a

Back 30

group of 3 for mRNA

Front 31

mRNA goes into

Back 31

cytoplasm to do protein synthesis

Front 32

the DNA line
TACGGTCGAACTATT codes for what RNA?

the RNA then codes for what mRNA?

Back 32

RNA: ATGCCAGCTTGATAA

mRNA:AUGCCAGCUUGAUAA

Front 33

DNA copies information into 3 types of RNA?

Back 33

transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and ribosomal RNA

Front 34

RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to

Back 34

work in the cytoplasm

Front 35

mRNA directs the

Back 35

formation fo the amino acids

Front 36

tRNA binds to the

Back 36

amino acids and carries them to their places in polypeptide chains

Front 37

rRNA forms

Back 37

ribosomes, and is the site of protein synthesis

Front 38

In RNA synthesis, how many strands of DNA is copied to RNA

Back 38

one

Front 39

during transcription the RNA produces is

Back 39

complimentary to the starnd of DNA which creates it

Front 40

in the process uracil is substitued for

Back 40

thymine

Front 41

What are the three steps of RNA synthesis called

Back 41

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination

Front 42

What is the first step of transcription called and what are the 2 things that happen

Back 42

1. enzyme called polymerase is needed
2. enzyme binds to promoter region

Front 43

What is the second step of transcription called and waht are 3 steps that happen during it

Back 43

1. elongation and the enzyme leaves promoter region and moves along sequence to be copied
2. as the enzyme reads the DNA, a complementary strand of RNA is made
3. RNA strand is made longer as the enzyme keeps moving down the DNA sequence

Front 44

What is the thrid step of transcription called and what are the 2 steps that describe it?

Back 44

termination
1. when the enzyme reaches the terminator region, transcription stops
2. the newly synthesized RNA now called PRIMARY RNA TRANSCRIPT is released with the enzymes from the DNA
transcription complete!!

Front 45

in RNA processing what is added to the RNA?

Back 45

a cap and tail

Front 46

after the cap and tail are added to the RNA what takes place and what is it?

Back 46

splicing, and it is where introns are removed and exons are kept and linked

Front 47

after splicing and adding caps and tails for protection, where will the mRNA enter?

Back 47

the cytoplasm

Front 48

tRNA is different from mRNA because after it is spliced and modified it is folded into a

Back 48

clover shape

Front 49

amino acids attach to one end whle the opposite end contains the _____

Back 49

anti-codon

Front 50

rRNA is also different from tRNA and mRNA becaus after rRNA is spliced and modified it is formed to fit subunits of

Back 50

ribosomes

Front 51

after the rRNA is spliced and modified to fit the subunits of ribosomes, they are released through the

Back 51

nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm

Front 52

a ribosome is made of

Back 52

2 rna pieces and 2 pieces of protein

Front 53

protein synthesis is referred to as what and why

Back 53

translation because the codon sequence of mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of the protein

Front 54

tRNA charging is a two step binding process where

Back 54

1. amino acid and atp attached
2. tRNA comes along and bumps the ATP away charging the amino acid

Front 55

the ribosomes contain two binding sites called

Back 55

the A site and the P site

Front 56

The P site holds the

Back 56

tRNA holding the growing polypetide chain

Front 57

The A site holds the

Back 57

tRNA bringing the next amino acid to be added to the chain

Front 58

What is the first step of translation called and what takes place?

Back 58

initiation
1. the cap of the mRNA threads trhough ribosomes and start codon signals translation to proteins

Front 59

What is the second step of translation called and what takes places?

Back 59

elongation
1. codon of mRNA and anticodon of tRNA pair up and enzyme catalyzes peptide binidng to new amino acid to growing chain

Front 60

What is the third step of translation and describe it?

Back 60

termination
1. elongation keeps going until stop codon, polypeptide is released

Front 61

most errors are

Back 61

caught and corrected

Front 62

the most common error is

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shifiting of the reading frame

Front 63

a system of enzymes acts to

Back 63

detect errors and such

Front 64

G1 is

Back 64

the cell growth right after it has formed, if cells dont leave it, it's called G0

Front 65

Interphase contains

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G1, G0, Synthesis, and G2

Front 66

S phase stands for

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synthesis

Front 67

What happens during synthesis

Back 67

DNA replication

Front 68

G2 or Growth Phase 2 follows _____ and prepares for ____ by ______

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DNA replicaiton, mitosis, double checking everything

Front 69

What comes after interphase?

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PMAT

Front 70

what does PMAT stand for

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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 71

what happens during early prophase

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centrioles move to poles of cell

Front 72

what happens during middle prophase?

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sister chromatids are connected at centromere

Front 73

what happens at late prophase?

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nuclear membrane disappear, and sister chromatids move towards equator

Front 74

what happens during metaphase?

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centromeres line up at equator, centromeres divide and chromatids split but don't separate

Front 75

What happens during early anaphase?

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sister chromatids move apart

Front 76

What happens during late anaphase?

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sister chromatids move to opposite poles

Front 77

Anaphase is reffred to as the first time

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we first distinguish the formation of two distnict cells

Front 78

what happens during telophase?

Back 78

nuclear membrane forms around each

Front 79

Cytokinesis is

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the movement of the two halves of the cell into two distinct cells

Front 80

what are the four things that initiate cell division?

Back 80

increase in cell size
cells need for growth and repair
regular part of life cycle
feedback loops in body signal

Front 81

Asexual reproducton involves how many parents?

Back 81

one

Front 82

in asexual reproduction, the offspring are typically

Back 82

genetically identical to the parent

Front 83

sexual reproduction involves how many parents

Back 83

two

Front 84

asexual reproduction does not require any special reproductive cells

Back 84

TRUE

Front 85

sexual reproductioni requires special reproductive cells

Back 85

true

Front 86

In mitosis what divides in half?

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the nucleus

Front 87

in cytokinesis what divides in half

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the cytoplasm

Front 88

a haploid is a

Back 88

single set of chromosomes

Front 89

a diploid is a

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double set of chromosomes

Front 90

homologous pairs are similar in

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structure and function

Front 91

Gamete are

Back 91

reproductive cells

Front 92

female gametes are called

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eggs

Front 93

male gametes are called

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sperm

Front 94

haploids come together to form a

Back 94

diploid zygote

Front 95

Meiosis is a

Back 95

special kind of cell division that produces haploid cells in diploid organisms

Front 96

what is a zygote

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the orginal cell of a new organism

Front 97

what is reduced in meiosis

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somatic cells

Front 98

what are somatic cells

Back 98

body cells other those those used for specialized reproducton

Front 99

we have 46 chromosomes but they occur in

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23 homologous pairs

Front 100

in somatic cells because its 23 homologous pairs it's

Back 100

diploid or 2n

Front 101

Gametes have

Back 101

23 chromosomes

Front 102

because gametes have 23 chromosomes they have

Back 102

no pairs or 1n

Front 103

in meiosis, cells divide ____ but replicate ___

Back 103

twice, once

Front 104

begins with 2n cell and end with

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four 1n cells

Front 105

hermaphroditism is when

Back 105

two sexes are not separate

Front 106

rather than self fertilization, they

Back 106

exchange sperm and then fertilize

Front 107

while the exchange sperm..

Back 107

the transfer of nuclear material takes place