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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is propaganda?
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A type of presentation used to spread a specific message aimed at serving a specific agenda. It can serve to rally people behind a cause, and during the build up to war, or at times of war, messages of extreme action and hate, combined with emotion provide powerful propaganda
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What are the series of filter propaganda must pass through?
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- the size, ownership and profit motive of commercial media - the dominant media are securely rooted in a market economy, the top conglomerates along with the governments are the agent a-setters of the news
- The consumer is king, audiences to some extent determine the way news is packaged and consumed, so media corporations need to portray an image of the world that will satisfy the needs of advertisers and audiences - sources of news, information that the media concentrates on from which they develop their news. journalists need to appear objective to conform to he ideology of news as objective and truthful |
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WHAT ARE THE 4 Propaganda techniques?
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- reinforcing reason and motivation
-demonizing the enemy - gatekeeping, selective facts and political censorship narrow range of discourses |
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The war on terror emerged as a powerful what?
and what did the events of September 11 generate? |
The war on terror emerged as a powerful ideological tool for the US to persuade audience members that America’s actions were justified. . News media assisted by setting the agenda for the way global audiences would think about acts of terrorism for the next decade to come. The events of September 11 generated an outpouring of propaganda, frequently yielding an excess of binary oppositions: ‘us vs. them”, “good vs. evil”.
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How was this developed?
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The relationship between institutions and the media
- Threat messages from Osama Bin laden and his associates as well as the Bush’s administration official terror alerts were heavily covered and prominality placed in news media - Terrorism was framed as a major threat that all western liberal democracies were facing, and subsequent advertsising campaigns were developed as counter terrorist strategy. - Common discourses that features were patriotism, democracy, retaliation vs negotiation, terrorism and religion - Topics that received news coverage during September 11 were terrorism/acts of war, security issues and fear, victims/families, acts of courage and bravery, retaliation/wat on terror and politics and the economy. |
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How was Osama Bin laden portrayed?
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Osama Bin Laden was represented by news media as the ‘other’ and a supervillian on television news representations of September 11. Bin laden was portrayed in American media as the US primary enemy, this has been the case for a number of decades, Bin Laden’s vendetta for America has been well reported |
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What was Osama Bin Ladens appearance?
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In representations Bin laden: always wore some type of headgear, either a wide rimmed cap or cloth, a long black beard - a feature common amongst devout Muslim men and was often dressed in long white garments, also his religious and cultural position.
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How did Osama's appearance add to the good vs evil point of view?
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Bin Ladens iconic physical appearance assisted the news media in the near establishment of his status as the super villain. His clothes, beard and darkened skin colour immediatl signified hium as the Other: he is not western, he is something else, and according to American ideology that is not desirable.
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What was the short piece of footage repeatedly aired post sep 11?
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- it depicted Bin laden dressed in a long white robe, with a white cloth covering his hair
- he is kneeling on his left knee and he fires a shot - behind him the background of the shot is filled with a row of male figures, but their heads and shoulders are cropped out of the frame they are all armed with rifles - once Bin Laden has fired a shot, he looks to the left and smiles |
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what code did the piece of footage produce?
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The iconic attachment of Bin laden to such a violent instrument produces a code that signifies a negative connotation and reinforces his image both as a terrorist and a villain. The fetishing of weapons is this instance is a scary image that connotes threat to western audiences.
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What was the Bush Administration's stance in the lead up to the invasion on Iraq?
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In the lead up to the Invasion on Iraq the Bush administration intensified the ideological war against Iraq by advancing its doctrine of pre-emptive strikes, and provided military buildup for what looked like an inevitable war. The stated aim of the war was to shut down the production of “weapons of mass destruction” and enforce Un resolutions which mandated that Iraq eliminate its offensive weapons.
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What did Bush need to be re-elected?
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To be re-elected Bush needed a major victory and to symbolically triumph over terrorism as he had promised was the intent following the 2001 attack on the World Trade centre.
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when was Bush's press conference? and what agenda did he advance?
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In his march 6, 2003 press conference, Bush advanced this agenda by making it clear he was ready to go to war against Iraq:
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What techniques came from the press conference?
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- He constantly threatened Iraq and evoked the rhetoric of good and evil that he used in his September 11, 2001 address to the nation to justify his crusade against Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda.
- He used repletion of the words Saddam Hussein and terrorism, which he then attempted to link with September 11 attacks - He stated ‘I believe’ countless times and talked of “my government”, positioning himself against evil hat he was prepared to wage war against - Bush invoked fear and a moralistic rhetoric to sway public opinion |
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2 quotes from message to Sadam?
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- Intelligence gathered by this and other governments leaves no doubt that the Iraq regime continues to possess and conceal some of the most lethal weapons ever devised.
- The United States and other nations did nothing to deserve or invite this threat. But we will do everything to defeat it. |
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How did the media construction of the 2003 Iraq War contrast to Arab nations? What were some of the headlines?
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The 2003 Iraq war was a major global media event constructed very differently by various news media in different parts of the world. Us networks framed it with the pentagon concept: “operation Iraqi Freedom” or “war in Iraq” while Arab news networks as an “invasion” or “occupation”.
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what is political censorship?
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Political censorship exists when a government attempts to conceal, fake, distort, or falsify information that its citizens receive by suppressing or crowding out political news that the public might receive through news outlets
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How where the military key players in manipulating mainstream media by restricing or managing what information is presented?
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- media sessions and daily briefings
- providing managed access to war zones - embedded journalists. |
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What are propaganda points for media sessions and daily briefings?
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Holding meetings from a central command (where press briefing s were held) allows the military to:
- filter and manage information to journalists - gloss over set backs whilst dwelling on successes - limit facts and context - Media spin, “reports coming from the ground” |
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What is the effect of embedded journalists?
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- encourage 'biased' reporting as journalists sometimes make a decision to report an event favourably rather than exposing unfavourable facts on the coalition forces they were accompanying
- so, in a sense allowing a journalist to get closer to the action gives the military greater opportunity to manage messages about the war given to the public. - Embedded journalists allow the military to maximise visual images while providing little insight into the real issues. |
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(SELECTION AND OMISSION OF FACTS) Critics argued that embedding was central to building support for the war in Iraq, HOW?
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- they avoided images that were too graphic or violent
- they focused on the American military troops and their perspective - stories were limited on darker side of combat, the death of Iraqi civilians, and property damage - If the horror of war was focussed on, it was the horrors facing the troops rather than upon the thousands of Iraqis who died - embedded journalists overlooked the devastation of war to ficus on delivering a friendly, more sanitizer version of war |
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Ethical Issues with Embedded journalists?
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- Journalists are expected to endorse a discourse of truth and objectivity, but the choice of news frames is often motivated by the rhetoric of the politically elite
- Many critics contend that elite messages from George.W Bush administration permeated war coverage by embedded journalists - media narratives were whittled down to a simple dichotomy of good vs evil, typical of war propaganda |
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EDITORIAL CONTROL?
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Editorial control is when media forms present truthful reports about not so truthful and biased reports from other media forms.
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EDITORIAL CONTROL: MEDIA WATCH
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The presenter and studio environment
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- the use of respected journalist Jonathan Holmes connotes trust, authority and experience.
- Holmes represented the incident as unfair, unethical and goes against the grain of Australian values - Holmes tone ranges in emotion from skeptical, cynical, disbelieving to condemning of the journalist and his actions - Holmes constructs an opposing view of commercial news media as unbiased and fair, and that they 'report the facts' |
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Selection Processes
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- the repletion and emphasis of Gad Amr's pleas for the right to privacy supports the preferred meaning that the cameraman had behaved unethically
- the actuality footage, as it is largely unedited and connotes authenticity and truth which are values audiences associate with news - The inclusion of the cameraman saying 'effigy terrorist' to Gad and Omar Amr reinforces the perception that the media have largely been responsible for the scapegoating and othering of muslim men |
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Controls and Constraints
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- the programme Media Watch acts a form of self-regulation as it monitors the journalists process of news gathering and adherence to the AJA code of ethics and reporters back to the public
- In doing this, media Watch assumes an ideological position of the fourth estate but in a contemporary way, the programme drawing attention to the unethical methods employed by journalists who are supposed to act in fair and unbiased manner, and holding the hegemonic power of the media to sway public opinion to account - media watch calls into question the representation of journalists a s profession, ad that they will carefully scrutinise the process of News gathering - their attitude is one of condemnation towards media owners, institutions and journalists who breach the self-regulation processes in the media |
