Prologue And Chapter 1 Psych

Front 1

Created the first psych lab

Back 1

Wundt

Front 2

Funtionalism

Back 2

Created by William James

Front 3

Studied observable behavior

Back 3

Watson

Front 4

Humanistic

Back 4

healthy growth potential

Front 5

Nature vs. Nurture

Back 5

biological vs. social envioronment

Front 6

List the types of psychologists

Back 6

Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Social
Industrial
Clinical
Psychiatrist

Front 7

Neuroscience Approach

Back 7

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Front 8

Evolutionary Approach

Back 8

How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes

Front 9

Behavior Genetics Approach

Back 9

How much out genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Front 10

Psychodynamic Approach

Back 10

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Front 11

Behavioral Approach

Back 11

How we learn observable responses

Front 12

Cognitive Approach

Back 12

How we encode, process, store and retrieve information

Front 13

Social-cultural Approach

Back 13

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Front 14

Hindsight bias

Back 14

tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable

Front 15

Overconfidence

Back 15

bias to seek information that confirms our judgements

Front 16

Measures of Central Tendency

Back 16

Mean, Median, Mode

Front 17

Measures of Variation

Back 17

Rang & Standard Deviation

Front 18

critical thinking

Back 18

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Front 19

theory

Back 19

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Front 20

hypothesis

Back 20

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 21

operational definition

Back 21

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

Front 22

replication

Back 22

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Front 23

case study

Back 23

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Front 24

survey

Back 24

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

Front 25

false consensus effect

Back 25

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Front 26

population

Back 26

all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

Front 27

random sample

Back 27

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Front 28

naturalistic observation

Back 28

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Front 29

correlation

Back 29

a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Front 30

scatterplot

Back 30

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction fo the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation

Front 31

Illusory correlation

Back 31

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Front 32

experiment

Back 32

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

Front 33

Double-blind procedure

Back 33

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment of a placebo.

Front 34

placebo effect

Back 34

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

Front 35

experimental condition

Back 35

the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Front 36

control condition

Back 36

the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Front 37

random assignment

Back 37

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

Front 38

independent variable

Back 38

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Front 39

dependent variable

Back 39

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Front 40

mode

Back 40

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Front 41

mean

Back 41

the arithmetic average of a distribution:
[sum of scores divided by number of scores]

Front 42

median

Back 42

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Front 43

range

Back 43

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Front 44

Standard deviation

Back 44

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Front 45

statistical significance

Back 45

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Front 46

culture

Back 46

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.