Prokaryotic Structure

Front 1

an excess of H+ Ions.

Back 1

Acid (Ch. 5)

Front 2

an excess of OH- Ions.

Back 2

Base

Front 3

All the covering layers of a bacterium (cytoplasmic membrane + cell wall)

Back 3

Cell Envelope

Front 4

When bacteria try different directions randomly and proceed only in prime conditions.

Back 4

Random Biased Walk

Front 5

Single cell

Back 5

Mono

Front 6

Two linked cells

Back 6

diplo

Front 7

Four linked cells

Back 7

tetra

Front 8

Chain of cells

Back 8

strepto

Front 9

Cluster of cells

Back 9

Staphlo

Front 10

A pumping mechanism that runs on the cell’s energy resources
and uses protein transporters in the membrane to bring desirable
chemicals into the cell.

Back 10

active transport

Front 11

Two to four rings mounted on a rod; they secure the flagellum to
the cell envelope.

Back 11

basal body

Front 12

A common morphology of bacteria composed of a rod-shaped
cell.

Back 12

bacillus

Front 13

A covering, usually a polysaccharide, of the whole cell that
makes the cell slippery, preventing white blood cells from
capturing it and antibodies from binding to it.

Back 13

capsule

Front 14

A process in which bacterium moves toward or away from
chemicals.

Back 14

chemotaxis

Front 15

A common morphology of bacteria composed of a sphericalshaped
cell.

Back 15

coccus

Front 16

Thick spore structures that grow inside cells and are therefore
protected from heat, drying, freezing, and harsh living
conditions.

Back 16

endospores

Front 17

Another name for lipid A; a potent inducer of inflammatory
reactions.

Back 17

endotoxin

Front 18

Small, hairlike appendages present on the external surface of
many bacteria and usually seen in hundreds per cell.

specifically refer to “attachment factors” (or “holdfasts”) that
attach to host cells

Back 18

fimbriae

Front 19

Corkscrew-shaped polymerized proteins present in filament that
are normally several times longer than the entire bacterial cell.

Back 19

flagellin

Front 20

Bacteria with three-layered cell walls.

Back 20

gram-negative

Front 21

Bacteria with two-layered cell envelopes.

Back 21

gram-positive

Front 22

The proximal end in the outer half of the membrane on gramnegative
bacteria that anchors it to the cell.

Back 22

lipid A

Front 23

A material that composes the outer membrane of three-layered
gram-negative bacterial cells.

Back 23

lipopolysaccharide

Front 24

Membrane-bound sacks that are smaller than a cell.

Back 24

organelles

Front 25

A polysaccharide called glycan that is cross-linked to other
polysaccharide molecules by short peptide cross-bridges to form
a fishnet-like structure.

Back 25

peptidoglycan

Front 26

Small pieces of DNA that normally contain only a few genes,often for highly specialized functions.

Back 26

plasmids

Front 27

The organelle of motility present in many bacteria.

Back 27

proteinaceous flagella

Front 28

Enzymes that perform translation; They include bacteria
and eukaryotes.

Back 28

ribosomes

Front 29

The most stable form of life, which are wrapped in multiple
layers of peptidoglycan and protein; there may also be other
polysaccharide layers. Unlike vegetative (growing) cells, they contain very little water.

Back 29

spores

Front 30

Short spirochetes that contain less than a full helical turn or are comma shaped.

Back 30

vibrio

Front 31

rod shaped.

Back 31

The bacillus

Front 32

spherical shaped.

Back 32

The coccus

Front 33

curved or comma shaped.

Back 33

The vibrio

Front 34

helical shaped.

Back 34

spirochete

Front 35

can be more than one shape.

Back 35

The pleomorphic

Front 36

Functions of the cell or cytoplasmic membrane?

Back 36

The cytoplasmic membrane defines the inside and outside of a cell. It contains protein transporters that pump desirable chemicals into the cell using the cell’s energy resources. It also prevents undesirable chemicals from entering the organism.

Front 37

Define the structure of peptidoglycan:

Back 37

The structure of peptidoglycan is like a fishnet because the long polymers of glycan are cross-linked by shorter pieces of peptides.

Front 38

Two biologically active items that destroy a cell wall are

Back 38

lysozyme and penicillin.

Front 39

How does peptidoglycan differ from Gram Positive and Gram Negative organisms?

Back 39

Gram-positive organisms have many layers of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative organisms have only one or a few layers of peptidoglycan.

Front 40

4 steps of a Gram Stain:

Back 40

The four steps of a Gram’s stain are

(1) stain with the primary stain, crystal violet;

(2) fix the crystal violet with Gram’s iodine so that it aggregates;

(3) wash the aggregates from the porous gram-negative bacteria with acetone-alcohol;

(4) counterstain with safranin so the gram-negative cells are readily visible.

Front 41

Describe cell cytoplasm:

Back 41

The cytoplasmic compartment contains all the degradative and synthetic machinery to allow the cell to grow and make new copies of itself. It includes the cell’s DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Front 42

Distinguish bacterial chromosones from plasmids:

Back 42

The bacterial chromosome (like all chromosomes) contains thousands of genes, including those required for replication and gene expression. Some bacteria also contain plasmids, small pieces of DNA usually encoding fewer than fifty genes. Plasmids are often specialized, like those that code for resistance to a specific antibiotic.

Front 43

What are the sizes of complete bacterial ribosome and its 2 major components of S units? Compare to eukaryotic ribosomes:

Back 43

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (one each of 30S and 50S subunits; eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S (one each of 40S and 60S).

Front 44

Why do some bacteria harbor inclusions of granules?

Back 44

The granules provide an energy source available for when cells have a special energy need.

Front 45

What are granules and incusions made of?

Back 45

Granules, or inclusions, are composed of polysaccharides or polyphosphates that contain much chemical energy.

Front 46

The following methods are used to identify bacteria:

Back 46

(1) biochemical tests;
(2) immunological tests;
(3) genetic tests;
(4) direct DNA or RNA testing for organism-specific sequences.

Front 47

List possible bacterial appendages and thier function?

Back 47

The flagella aid in motility
the pili in gene transfer;
fimbriae (holdfasts) attach to a given site.

Front 48

The three major components of bacterial flagella are

Back 48

the filament, hook, and basal body.