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20 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Characteristics of Prokaryotes
Exterior:
Cell wall- outer membrane and peptidoglycan layer that gives structures
Plasma membrane
Flagellum- some, not all
Capsule- slime layer

Interior:
Ribosomes- units that help make proteins
Nucleiod- DNA
Cytoplasm- ions, H2O, etc.
Prokaryotes are found...
free-living, parasitic, biofilms
Biofilms
Community of micro-organisms that adhere to a surface
Prokaryotes are successful because...
Have distinctive cell walls- gram neg/pos
Locomotive- nutrition/protection
Fast reproduction- binary fission
Communication- bioluminescence
Diverse metabolism- photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemolithotrophs, chemoheterotrophs
Gram positive
Stain purple

Outside of cell, thick peptidoglycan layer, plasma membrane, inside of cell
Gram negative
Stain pink

Outside of cell, outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, plasma membrane, inside of cell
Photoautotrophs
Light as energy source, CO2 as carbon source
Photoheterotrophs
Light as energy source, CO2 or other compounds as carbon source
Chemolithotrophs
Inorganic substances for energy, CO2 as carbon source
Chemoheterotrophs
Organic substances for energy, organic compounds for carbon
Diversity of Prokaryotes
Bacteria:
Spirochetes, Chlamydias, High-GC gram positive, Cyanobacteria, Low-GC gram positive, Proteobacteria

Archaea:
Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota
Spirochetes
• Gram negative
• move via ‘axial filaments’
• Borellia burgdorferi ~ ‘Lyme disease’
Chlamydias
• smallest bacteria
• only live as parasites in other cells
• e.g. Trachoma- can blind children
• e.g. “the clap” a.k.a.
Chlamydia
High-GC gram positive-
Actinobacteria
Thick peptidoglycan layer- stains purple
Lots of GCs vs. ATs
Most are free living in the soil
Some cause disease
e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes human tuberculosis ( “ t.b.” ), and kills about 3 million people a year.
Low-GC gram positive
Thick peptidoglycan layer- stains purple
Less GCs vs. ATs
Produce endospores- hard
heat resistant capsules
e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis- bug spray for veggies
Anthrax- stays dormant for years in soil
Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae (rest of algae are eukaryotic)
Responsible for the production of oxygen on early earth
Use chlorophyll for photosynthesis
Proteobacteria
Gram negative “purple bacteria”
Many modes of nutrition
Rhizobium- nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes, transfers atmospheric N2 to plant friendly N- gets sugar and a home in return
How are archaea different from bacteria?
1. no peptidoglycan in cell walls
2. distinct lipid composition in cell membranes
Crenarchaeota
"Extremophiles" Live in hot, salty, toxic places like deep sea thermal vents
Euryarchaeota
"Methanogens" - One third of atmospheric methane (a
greenhouse gas), is created as a by-product of Archaean metabolism
- Interesting example: Bacteria in the gut of protozoans which live inside termites are methanogens, and they help the termites to break down wood.