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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A a |
/ă/ as in mat /ā/ as in table /ä/ as in father |
/ă/ /ā/ /ä/ |
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B b |
/b/ as in bee, bib, and belong |
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C c |
/k/ as in cat /s/ as in cent |
/k/ /s/ |
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D d |
/d/ as in dog, daddy, and dashboard |
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E e |
/ĕ/ as in tent /ē/ as in be |
/ĕ/ /ē/ |
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F f |
/f/ as in foot |
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G g |
/g/ as in big /j/ as in gym |
/g/ /j/ |
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H h |
/h/ as in hat |
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I i |
/ĭ/ as in it /ī/ as in ivy /ē/ as in stadium /y/ as in onion |
/ĭ/ /ī/ /ē/ /y/ |
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J j |
/j/ as in job |
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K k |
/k/ as in kit |
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L l |
/l/ as in lava, loopy, and lollipop |
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M m |
/m/ as in me, millennium, and Mitchum |
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N n |
/n/ as in nut, neutron, and nitroglycerin |
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O o |
/ŏ/ as in on /ō/ as in go /ö/ as in do |
/ŏ/ /ō/ /ö/ |
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P p |
/p/ as in pan, Potemkin, and palpitate |
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Qu qu |
/kw/ as in queen, quotidian, and Quonset |
/kw/ |
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R r |
/r/ as in ran, ramification, and reorder |
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S s |
/s/ as in sent, snake, and salutations /z/ as in as, busy, and roses |
/s/ /z/ |
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T t |
/t/ as in Tom, bit, and title |
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U u |
/ŭ/ as in up /ū/ as in pupil /ü/ as in put /ö/ as in flute |
/ŭ/ /ū/ /ü/ /ö/ |
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V v |
/v/ as in van |
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W w |
/w/ as in wag, wanton, and wallaby |
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X x |
/ks/ as in fox, axe, and Xerox /z/ as in xylene, xylophone, and Xerox |
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Y y |
/y/ as in yard /ĭ/ as in gym /ī/ as in by /ē/ as in baby |
/y/ /ĭ/ /ī/ /ē/ |
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Z z |
/z/ as in zip, zing, and Zanzibar |
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Ai ai |
/ā/ as in aim, laid, and acquaintance /ĕ/ as in said and again 1) May not be used at the end of English words |
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Ar ar |
/r/ as in car, artic, and barber |
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Au au |
/ä/ as in author, nautical, and automobile |
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Rule 1 C always softens to /s/ when… |
C always softens to /s/ when followed by E, I, or Y. Otherwise C says /k/. |
center, circus, icy cat, clap, arc |
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Rule 2 G may soften to /j/ only… |
G may soften to /j/ only when followed by E, I, or Y. Otherwise G says /g/. |
germ, ginger, gym get, goat, log |
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Rule 3 English words do not end with… |
English words do not end with I, U, V, or J. |
cry, high, pie true, few have edge, age |
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Rule 4 A, E, O, and U usually say… |
A, E, O, and U usually say their name at the end of a syllable. |
ta·per, to·tal, hu·man tap·per, tot·ter, hum·ming |
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Rule 5 I and Y may say… |
I and Y may say /ĭ/ or /ī/ at the end of a syllable. |
li·on, ti·tle try, cry cli·nic, vi·sit bi·cy·cle, phy·sics |
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Rule 6 When a one-syllable word ends with a single vowel Y… |
When a one-syllable word ends with a single vowel Y, it says /ī/. |
by, my, cry, try |
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Rule 7 Y says /ē/ only… I says /ē/… |
Y says /ē/ only at the end of a multi-syllable word. I says /ē/ at the end of a syllable that is followed by a vowel and at the end of foreign words. |
ba·by, bun·ny, hap·py, fun·ny sta·di·um, o·lym·pi·an, ra·di·us spaghetti, Afghani, safari |
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Rule 8 I and O may say /ī/ and /ō/… |
I and O may say /ī/ and /ō/ when followed by two consonants. 1) Combine with rules 4 and 5. |
bold, post rind, sign bond, pond rink, sing |
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Rule 9 AY usually says /ā/… |
AY usually says /ā/ at the end of a base word. 1) A base word is one to which a prefix of suffix can be added. |
may, day, stay, pay |
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Rule 10 When a word ends with the phonogram A… |
When a word ends with the phonogram A, it says /ä/. A may also say /ä/ after a W or before an L. |
ma, pa, koala, zebra water, wasp tall, also |
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Rule 11 Q always needs a U; therefore… |
Q always needs a U; therefore, U is not a vowel here. |
queen, quiet, enquire, liquid |
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Rule 12.1 The vowel says its long sound… |
The vowel says its long sound because of the E. |
strange, theme, line, bone, cute, type |
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Rule 12.2 English words do not end in… |
English words do not end in V or U. |
have, love, curve blue, rescue, argue |
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Rule 12.3 The C says /s/ and the G says /j/ because… |
The C says /s/ and the G says /j/ because of the E. 1) Combine with rules 1 and 2. |
choice, trace, commerce cage, change, orange |
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Rule 12.4 Every syllable must have… |
Every syllable must have a written vowel. |
ta·ble, bi·cy·cle, waf·fle |
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Rule 12.5 Add an E to keep singular words that end in S… |
Add an E to keep singular words that end in S from looking plural. |
house, mouse, goose |
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Rule 12.6 Add an E to make the word look… |
Add an E to make the word look bigger. |
are, awe, ewe |
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Rule 12.7 TH says its voiced sound /TH/ because… |
TH says its voiced sound /TH/ because of the E. |
breath vs. breathe teeth vs. teethe bath vs. bathe |
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Rule 12.8 Add an E to clarify… |
Add an E to clarify meaning. |
or vs. ore teas vs. tease |
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Rule 12.9 The unseen reason |
Sometimes the reason for the silent E is lost to the mystery of time. |
done, were, some, come |
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Rule 13 Drop the silent final E when adding a vowel suffix… |
Drop the silent final E when adding a vowel suffix only when allowed by other spelling rules. |
like + ing = liking like + ly = likely trace + ing = tracing trace + able = traceable courage + ous = courageous |
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Rule 14 Double the last consonant when adding a vowel suffix to… |
Double the last consonant when adding a vowel suffix to words ending in one vowel followed by one consonant only if the syllable before suffix is stressed. 1) This is always true for one-syllable words. 2) Stressed syllables will be higher in pitch, longer in duration, and generally a little louder than unstressed syllables. |
let + ing = letting pop + ed = popped sleep + ing = sleep·ing pick + ing = pick·ing for·got' + en = for·got'·ten o'·pen + ing= o'·pen·ing |
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Rule 15 Single vowel Y changes to I when… |
Single vowel Y changes to I when adding any ending, unless the ending begins with I. 1) Combine with rule 16. |
try + es = tries baby + es = babies boy + s = boys try + ing = trying |
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Rule 16 Two I's cannot be next to each other in… |
Two I's cannot be next to each other in English words. 1) Combine with rule 15. |
cry + ing = crying die + ing = dying lie + ing = lying |
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Rule 17 When the phonograms TI, CI, and SI spell /sh/, they are used only… |
When the phonograms TI, CI, and SI spell /sh/, they are used only at the beginning of any syllable after the first one. |
e·lec·tion, sta·tion, di·rec·tion spa·cious, mu·si·cian, de·li·cious dis·cus·sion, ses·sion, tel·e·vi·sion |
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Rule 18 SH spells /sh/ at the beginning of… |
SH spells /sh/ at the beginning of a base word and at the end of a syllable. SH never spells /sh/ at the beginning of any syllable after the first one, except for the suffix -ship. 1) This does not include compound words. |
shock, shape, shad·ow dish, a·bol·ish·es, bish·op friend·ship, fel·low·ship, crafts·man·ship |
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Rule 19 To make verb past tense… |
To make a verb past tense, add the ending -ED unless it is an irregular verb. 1) Irregular verbs are verbs that take a different form rather than adding -ED to make a past tense. |
stay + ed = stayed count + ed =counted run = ran see = saw |
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Rule 20 -ED, past tense ending, forms another syllable when… |
-ED, past tense ending, forms another syllable when the base word ends in /d/ or /t/. Other wise -ED says /d/ or /t/ |
land + ed = land·ed want + ed =want·ed play + ed = played stamp + ed = stamped |
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Rule 21 To make a noun plural… |
To make a noun plural, add the -S ending, unless the word hisses or changes; then add -ES. Some nouns do not change or have an irregular spelling |
toys, cats boxes, glasses stor·ies*, knives deer, fish children, feet * Combine with rule 15 |
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Rule 22 To make a verb 3rd person singular… |
To make a verb 3rd person singular, add the ending -S, unless the word hisses or changes; then add -ES. Only four verbs are irregular in the 3rd person singular. |
She reads. It hisses. He carries. have|has do|does go|goes am|is |
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Rule 23 AL- is a prefix written with… |
AL- is a prefix written with one L when preceding another syllable. |
al·most, al·ways, al·so |
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Rule 24 -FUL is a suffix written with… |
-FUL is a suffix written with one L when added to another syllable |
grace·ful, mer·ci·ful, won·der·ful, aw·ful |
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Rule 25 DGE is used only after… |
DGE is used only after a single vowel which says its short sound. 1) Combine with rule 2 |
badge, badger, gadget ledge, edge, pledge bridge, fidget, widgeon lodge, dodge, wodge judge, budge, fudge |
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Rule 26 CK is used only… |
CK is used only after a single vowel which says its short sound. |
back, neck, fleck, beckon tick, locket, truck |
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Rule 27 TCH is used only after a… |
TCH is used only after a single vowel which says its short or broad sound. 1) Broad vowels make the sounds of /ä/ (father), /ö/ (do), or /ü/ (put). |
match, batch, catch fetch, stretch, ketch pitch, ditch, witch botch, notch, splotchy hutch, clutch, Dutch watch, butcher |
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Rule 28 AUGH, EIGH, IGH, OUGH |
AUGH, EIGH, IGH, OUGH Phonograms ending in GH are used only at the end of a base word or before then letter T. The GH is either silent or pronounced /f/. |
laugh, caught, daughter weigh, weight sigh, sight tough, thought |
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Rule 29 Z, never S, spells /z/ at the… |
Z, never S, spells /z/ at the beginning of a base word. |
zoo, zebra, zipper |
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Rule 30 We often double F, L, and S after… |
We often double F, L, and S after a single, short, or broad vowel at the end of a base word. Occasionally other letters are also doubled. 1) Broad vowels make the sounds of /ä/ (father), /ö/ (do), or /ü/ (put). |
off, ruff, puff ball, tell, fill less, mass, toss ebb, egg, jazz |
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Rule 31.1 Any vowel may say one of the schwa sounds, /ŭ/ or /ĭ/, in… |
Any vowel may say one of the schwa sounds, /ŭ/ or /ĭ/, in an unstressed syllable or unstressed word |
a·bout', be·fore', in'·fin·ite, com·mand', un·til', the, was, from |
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Rule 31.2 O may say /ŭ/ in… |
O may say /ŭ/ in a stressed syllable next to W, TH, M, N, or V |
won'·der oth'·er com'·pass son' ov'·en |
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Rule 31.3 AR and OR may say… |
AR and OR may say their schwa sound, /er/, in an unstressed syllable |
act'·or, col'·or, doc'·tor, e·qua'·tor, jun'·ior ce'·dar, dol'·lar, lin'·e·ar, mo'·lec·u·lar, nu'·cle·ar |
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augh |
taught, caught, daughter with an /ä/ laugh with an /ăf/ Used only at the end of a base word or before a T. |
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aw |
saw, law, and straw with an /ä/ Two letter /ä/ that may be used at the end of English words |
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ay |
play, say, and assay with an /ā/ Two letter /ā/ that may be used at the end of English words. |
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Bu bu |
buy, build, and buoyant with a /b/ Two letter /b/ |
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Cei cei |
ceiling, receive, and deceit with a /sē/ |
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Ch ch |
child, church, and achieve with a /ch/ school, ache, and chlorine with a /k/ chef, chez, Chicago with a /sh/ |
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Wr wr |
write, wrap, and wring with a /r/ Two letter /r/ used only at the beginning of a base word. |
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Wor wor |
worm, worse, and worship with a /wer/ |
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Wh wh |
white, whiff, and whisper with a /wh/ Used only at the beginning of a base word |
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Ur ur |
blur, hurt, and slur with an /er/ |
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Ui ui |
sluice, juice, and fruit with an /ö/ Two letter /ö/ that may not be used at the end of English words, when the U comes before the I in the ING suffix, or when the U comes after a Q |
sluice, juice, and fruit Not: blu·ing, quick, or gui·tar |
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ti |
partial, nation, and function with a /sh/ Tall /sh/ used only at the beginning of any syllable after the first one and only before a second vowel in the syllable. |
par·tial, na·tion, and func·tion Not: ti·ny, art·ist, or par·tic·u·lar |
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Th th |
the, birth, and anthem with a /th/ T and H combine to make a single sound and can be used anywhere in a word. TH words are either voiced or unvoiced. The difference is that the voiced sound has a little buzz when pronounced. |
voiced: that, feather, and breathe unvoiced: thorn, bathtub, and cloth |
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Tch tch |
witch, butcher, and tchotchke with a /ch/ A three letter /ch/ used after a single vowel that is not long. this only applies to English words |
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si |
session, pension, and passion with a /sh/ division, vision, and lesion with a /zh/ Used only at the beginning of any syllable after the first one. /sh/ is unvoiced while /zh/ voiced. |
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Sh sh |
shadow, shake, and shell with a /sh/ at the beginning push, fish, and admonish with a /sh/ at at the end of a syllable Used only at the beginning of a word and at the end of a syllable, except for the ending -ship. |
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Ph ph |
phone, graphic, and alphabet with a /f/ Two letter /f/ |
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oy |
loyal, oyster, and boy with an /oi/ |
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Ow ow |
owl, plow, and allow with an /ow/ glow, arrow, and flow with an /ō/ |
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Ough ough |
thought with an /ŏ/; though with an /ō/; through with an /ö/; bough with an /ow/; rough with an /ŭf/; and trough with an /ŏf/ Only at the end of a base word or before a T |
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Ou ou |
out, cloud, and house with an /ow/ soul, court, and four with an /ō/ group, you, and crouton with an /ö/ country, cousin, and double with an /ŭ/ May not be used at the end of English words |
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Or or |
work, accord, and ordinary with an /or/ |
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Oo oo |
food, swoon, and ooze with an /ö/ took, book, and hook with an /ü/ floor, door, and Moore with an /ō/ |
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Oi oi |
broil, coil, and coin with an /oi/ |
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oe |
toe, aloe, and pekoe with an /ō/ shoe, canoe, and hoopoe with an /ö/ May be used at the end of an English word |
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Oa oa |
coat, boat, and downloading with an /ō/ |
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ng |
sing, bring, and enabling with a /ng/ |
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Kn kn |
know, knob, and knife with a /n/ Two letter /n/ used only at the beginning of a base word |
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Ir ir |
bird, whirl, and irk with an /er/ |
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igh |
night, knight, and fright with an /ī/ Three letter /ī/ that can only be used at the end of a base word or before a T |
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Ie ie |
field, genie, and grieve with an /ē/ Friend is the only known word where the phonogram IE says /ĕ/ |
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Gu gu |
guide, fugue, and fatigue with a /g/ anguish, language, and iguana with a /gw/ |
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Gn gn |
align, benign, and gnostic with a /n/ Two letter /n/ used at the end of beginning of a base word |
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ey |
they, obey, and convey with an /ā/ key, money, and gurney with an /ē/ May be used at the end of English words |
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ew |
flew, new, and eschew with an /ö/ few, blew, and interview with an /ū/ May be used at the end of English words |
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Er er |
her, after, and boxer with an /er/ |
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eigh |
sleigh, eight, and freight with an /ā/ height with an /ī/ |
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Ei ei |
their, feign, and geisha with an /ā/ deity, conceive, and protein with an /ē/ feisty, seismic, and eidetic with an /ī/ |
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ee |
tree, squeeze, and committee with an /ē/ |
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ed |
traded, wanted, and ended with an /ed/ pulled, played, and begged with a /d/ picked, hoped, and laughed with a /t/ |
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Ear ear |
search, earth, and early with an /er/ |
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Ea ea |
eat, each, and squeal with an/ē/ bread, head, and death with an /ĕ/ break, great, and steak with an /ā/ |
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dge |
edge, nudge, and judge with a /j/ |
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ck |
click, speck, and back with /ck/ Two letter /k/ used only after a single, short vowel |
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ci |
spacious, special, and musician with a /sh/ |
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