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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Language loved by business users
COBOL
Early high-level language favored by engineers
Fortran
Language commissioned by the government, designed by contest
Ada
Artificial Intelligence language
Lisp
Developers of BNF
Chomsky and Backus
What does Perl stand for
Practical extraction and report language
A type declaration listed in the program is a
explicit declaration
A type determined by the context of the program
implicit declaration
Four parts of a grammar or language ___ start symbol
rules, terminals, nonterminals, start symbol
Three things in EBNF that are additions to BNF
-brackets
-use of braces to indicate the enclosed part can be repeated indefinitely or left out.
-The OR operator for multiple choice options
How can you prove a grammar is ambiguous. Give an example from English
-if it generates a sentential form with two or more distinct parse trees, its ambiguous.
A = B + C * A
What is the difference between a lexer and a parser
-lexer converts groups of characters into tokens
-parser converts groups of tokens into parse trees
What is the difference between syntax and semantics
-Syntax is the form of a programming language expressions, statements, and program units
-Semantics is the meaning of a programming languages expressions, statements, and program units
List and explain three ways to evaluate programming languages
-Readability: How easy it is to understand the code
-Writability: How easy it is to create and write the code
Reliability: How reliable the code/compiler is
Name and describe three types of semantics
-operational semantics:describes the meaning of a statement or program through execution
-dynamic semantics: meaning of the expressions, statements, and program units of a programming language
-denotational semantics: describes the meaning of programs based on the recursive function theory
List and describe 4 attributes of variables
type - int, array, etc
value - pointer, address
variable name - name of an assigned variable
______ semantics based on mathematical logic and often used in proof
Axiomatic
Name two primitive data types
-int
-float
Most languages store arrays in ____ order
row-major
A type in which the range of possible values can be easily associated with the set of positive integers
ordinal
A type in which all possible values are listed
enumerated type
Multiple use of an operator is called
overloading
Perl operator used to process arrays
()
In perl, a single variable begins with ____ and an array begins with ____
-$
-@
Name the 4 attributes of a variable and describe
-value: what is stored
-type: int, float, etc
-lifetime: how long the variable stays at the memory location
-scope: visibility
-address: where it is located
-name
what is the difference between a guarded command and the usual selection statement
- a guarded command supports verification during development
What is a short-circuit evaluation (include example) & how can it help the programmer
-the result is determined without evaluating all of the operands and/or operators.
-(a>= 0) && (b < 10). If a < 0, the second relation is independent
-it helps because some expressions don't have to be fully evaluated.
Difference between garbage and dangling references. Describe two ways to handle garbage
-garbage is an unused deallocated heap-dynamic variable
-dangling reference is a variable that still holds an address but has been deallocated
-two ways to fix, garbage collection and manual memory management
Name two design issues for arrays
-what types are legal for array subscripts
-when are arrays allocated
Name two design issues for arithmetic expressions
-which order should expressions be written
-will an operator be used for overloading
where do the words CAR and CDR come from
-Contents of address register
-Contents of decrement of register
Four things found in an activation record
-locals
-variables
-parameters
-return address
The four basic types of statements in imperative languages are
-sequence
-iterative
-selection
Parameter passing method using copying
-pass-by-value
passing method using shared addresses
pass-by-reference
Popular language originated from Sun
-Java
Data with no path to it
garbage
Describes the interface to and the actions of a subprogram
-subprogram definition
The explicit request to execute the subprogram
-subprogram call
The number, order, and types of its formal parameters
profile
Specifies the type of syntactic unit, provides a name, and lists any parameters
-header
Difference between deep access and shallow access
deep access: local references are found by searching the activation record instances on the dynamic chain
shallow access: puts locals in a central place
Three general characteristics of a sub-program.
-has a single entry point
-there is only one subprogram in execution at a given time
-control always returns to the other callers when the subprogram terminates
What does it mean for a subprogram to be active
-it means that it is being executed at that time
difference between a java applet and application
-applet must run in a browser, includes separate html code
-application runs standalone, can have a full network and local file system access