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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 8 stages of the programming cycle?
1. ID organizational philosophy & mission,
2. assess participants needs,
3. plan & design program,
4. engage in pre-program tasks,
5. implement program,
6. conduct formative evaluations,
7. make adjustments & continue evaluation,
8. conduct summative evaluation.
What tasks are executed in each phase?
1. organizational philosophy & mission:
define philosophy,
mission & vision statements,
goals & objectives.
2. assess participants needs:
needs assessment,
asset mapping,
target population.
3. plan & design program:
id program area,
format,
physical environment,
equipment,
supplies,
staff,
schedule,
budget,
risk management,
policy,
procedures,
rules.
4. engage in pre-program tasks:
establish pricing scheme,
define stage in program life cycle,
marketing & promotion,
public relations.
5. implement program:
facilitate pre-program experience,
participation,
post-experience.
6. conduct formative evaluations:
constant monitor & evaluation
7. make adjustments & continue evaluation:
self-explanatory
8. conduct summative evaluation:
summary of results,
areas of improvement
What are the 5 dimensions of diversity?
sex & gender,
sexual orientation,
ethnicity & race,
physical/cognitive capabilities & qualities,
age
What are their implications for programming?
sex & gender = activities for males/females,
sexual orientation = LGBT,
ethnicity & race = exp. diff. for diff. race/ethnicities,
physical/cognitive capabilities/qualities = equal opp. for all people,
age = developmental assets & logical decisions
Differentiate between sex, gender, and sexual orientation.
sex = biological characteristics used to ID as male/female at birth.
gender = category assigned by self/others on the basis of sex.
sexual orientation = identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered.
Differentiate between ethnicity and race.
ethnicity: the CULTURE which one identifies with.
race: group sharing genetic makeup which distinguishes them from another group.
How has the face of discrimination changed?
laws = reduced formal discrimination,
but subtle interpersonal discrimination exists.
Explain how we display interpersonal discrimination.
body language = orient away from people
facial expression = Duchenne's smile, decreased eye contact,
language = fewer words, increased -ve words, decreased affirmative statements, hostile tone
interactions = shorter duration, exhibit avoidance.
Why is subtle, interpersonal discrimination more damaging than formal discrimination?
formal = easy to id by discriminatee
subtle = harder " . "is it me?"
How can the targets of discrimination help reduce interpersonal discrimination?
acknowledge differences up front.
What advice does Hebl give?
organization = 0 tolerance norms, create climates of safe space.
citizens = encourage legal action, advocate targets of discrimination
what is the overall goal of the program design step?
to understand the various factors that impact the program design process (philosophy, goals/objectives, environment, equipment, etc.)
List the 10 criteria used to categorize programs into program areas.
Type of activities,
participant involvement (passive VS active),
facility / setting (indoor VS outdoor),
skill level,
cost,
season,
outcomes,
demographic factors,
level of risk,
goal structure.
What are the 16 program areas?
adventure education,
aquatics,
arts & crafts,
cognitive literacy,
dance,
drama,
environmental activities,
extreme sports,
fitness/wellness activities,
hobbies,
music,
self-improvement/education,
service/volunteer opportunities,
social recreation,
sports and games,
travel and tourism.
List and define each of the 8 program formats.
competition = performance of individual/team compared to another individual/team or criteria.

drop-in = casual, unstructured play that encourages
spontaneous participant involvement.

special events = programs that deviate from the norm and are offered in a compressed time period (e.g. 1-3 days)

clubs = special interest groups united around a common interest, activity, or purpose

instructional = the goal of teaching and further developing skill levels of participants

outreach = intervention mechanism addressing social problems by reaching out to individuals excluded from services due to: poor health, lack of resources/time.

trips = travel/tourism, field trips, retreats, tournaments, and overnight programs

service opportunities = providing a volunteer program within the larger context of a program
2 key considerations for competition.
competition = provide participants with opp. to compete with others of similar skills and abilities
AND
use mechanisms to equalize the competition between individuals
2 key considerations for drop-in.
drop-in = develop organizational policies related to addressing known, common issues
AND
risk management protocol
2 key considerations for special events.
special events = crowd control
AND
parking
2 key considerations for clubs.
clubs = club leadership enables participants to connect, and access meeting space and resources
AND
clubs often evolve such that members of the club adopt leadership roles and direct club activities
2 key considerations for instructional.
instructional = scheduling
AND
instructor:participant ratio
2 key considerations for outreach.
outreach = hire a devoted Outreach Coordinator
AND
must assimilate with the environment and relate to
the participants
2 key considerations for trips.
trips = safe and reliable transportation
AND
current & potential medical needs
2 key considerations for service opportunities.
service opportunities = varying levels of responsibility
AND
varying levels of task difficulty
List 3 key considerations for specifying equipment & supplies for a program.
availability,
obtaining it,
sharing it
Explain Symbolic Interaction Theory (3 key points).
People seek meaning – we interact with and gain
meaning form other people, equipment,
facilities, rules, etc.

Meaning comes from communication – people
create symbols that have shared meaning

Meaning is revised – people create meaning
internally, and then check it externally with other
people (i.e. social referencing)
List the 6 program elements that contribute to the overall experience.
interacting people,
physical setting,
leisure objects,
structure,
relationships,
animation
List 3 categories of expenses that might occur on a program budget.
staff,
equipment,
advertising.
Define:
policies,
procedures,
rules.
policies = broad; govern the entire organization

procedures = specific to an activity (e.g. registrations,
late fees, etc.)

rules = narrowest boundaries that deal with specific
activities or behaviors
What are the 3 general guidelines for developing rules.
should have reasons, be equitable, define
responsible behaviours

must be enforceable, clear, succinct

have only a few; state them in positive terms; have a warning system
List the 4 considerations for staffing a program.
knowledge
temperament
experience
passion
Differentiate between goals and objectives.
goals = broad statements of intent

objectives = the specific, measurable steps to reach those goals
List and explain the 4 dimensions that must be reflected when goal-setting for a program.
Societal – reflects community ideals (health,
opportunity, etc.)

Agency – reflects organizational ideals

Leader – reflects personal goals of organizational
leaders (tend to be consistent with agency goals)

Participant – reflects diverse reasons people have
for participating (e.g. learning, interacting, etc.)
Know the purpose of objectives to a program.
Provides focus to the program and a framework for the entire event.
List the 3 areas that must be encompassed by objectives.
cognition,
behaviour,
affect
How do objectives relate to program evaluation?
If turned into a question you must be able to respond with a simple YES or NO.
List 3 variables to consider when scheduling a program.
time of day,
day of week,
season of year
What is the role of risk in programming (4 key points).
Motivates participation

Provides opp. for exploration, growth, development

Is among the characteristics of the experience

Requires programmers to be accountable to
participants, staff, and insurance companies
What is the role of risk management in programming (5 key points).
Is an extension of your vision, values, policies, and
procedures

Enables you to safely include risk in your programs

Articulates the steps to minimize undesirable risks

Facilitates decision-making

Helps programmers recognize that risks are inherent in everything we do
List and define the 4 risk management methods.
Eliminate the risk – choose not to offer something

Accept the risk as being inherent to the program

Transfer the risk from the program and its staff
to insurance companies (i.e. negligence coverage)

Reduce the risk – actively limit the negative risks
inherent in an activity
When programming for sports, games, fitness, and wellness activities; name 3 sources from which you would get a Position Stand.
ACSM
CSEP
ASMI
List the 8 steps to managing risk.
1. Define risk in a manner that supports both your
program ideals and goals/objectives
2. Locate the risks
3. Minimize/eliminate the risks
4. Inform participants and staff about the risks
5. Accept that there are some risks inherent to sport,
recreation and leisure activities
6. Develop a Risk Management Plan
7. Implement & evaluate the Plan
8. Follow-up to an accidental event
List the 5 mechanisms used to address risk, and why these mechanisms are important.
1. Development and implementation of a risk
management plan
2. Proper activity selection
3. Appropriate staff and supervision
4. Periodic facility checks
5. Thorough pre-program safety check

These mechanisms would all serve as the criteria against which you and your program would be legally evaluated in the event of a negligence lawsuit.
Define: Negligence
an act that results in personal
injury to another person or their property
Define: duty
an obligation one owes another based on a
legal relationship between them
Define: Programmer duty
to provide reasonably hazard-free
activities and facilities to all participants and staff
Define: An act or standard of care
the actions or omissions of a person in light of the duty owed to participants, via a certain standard of care
Define: Malfeasance
doing something you shouldn’t have done; bad decisions
Define: Nonfeasance
neglecting to do something you should have done; uninvolvement
Define: Misfeasance
failing to provide the appropriate level of care; improper conduct
Define: proximate cause
it must be shown that injury was
the direct result of action (or inaction)
Define: Omission
failing to act in the same manner as a sane and reasonable person
Define: commision
acting in a way that causes harm
List and describe the 4 elements that must be present for a case of negligence to exist.
1. Duty – an obligation one owes another based on a
legal relationship between them

2. An act or standard of care – the actions or omissions of a person in light of the duty owed to participants, via a certain standard of care

3. Proximate cause – it must be shown that injury was
the direct result of action (or inaction)

4. Injury/damage– it must be shown that there was
actual personal injury or damage to one’s physical
property
List 3 ways programmers help fulfill their duty to provide reasonably hazard-free activities and
facilities to all participants and staff.
1. warn of hidden and visible hazards

2. provide staff who are skilled and competent in their job duties

3. maintain a safe environment via appropriate policies
and procedures
With respect to a professional standard of care; list the 6 criteria against which programmers
are evaluated.
moral qualities,
judgment,
knowledge,
experience,
perception of risk,
skill
List and describe the 3 ways programmers/facilitators can breach the standard of care.
1. Malfeasance
2. Nonfeasance
3. Misfeasance
With respect to risk management; what are 5 key considerations for activity selection.
1. Must try to foresee every possible negative risk and
address each (waiver, release form, etc.)
2. Must understand that some activities have more
inherent risks (hockey, etc.
3. Must be a fit for the participant (age, skill, etc.)
4. Must have a solid knowledge and understanding of the activity itself in terms of: participation, environment, game rules, equipment, etc.)
Define: program audit.

What is it used for,

when it is conducted?
overall evaluation of the current program mix offered by an organization and/or within a community

to determine programming needs and
opportunities

typically conducted before and after program
development
Differentiate between: marketing;

public relations;

promotion
Marketing = Umbrella for all management functions that foster desired exchanges between your target market and the organization.

Public relations = Concerned with establishing beneficial relationships between an organization and its target market.

Promotion = Any form of communication used to inform, persuade, remind, educate people regarding the benefits offered.
List and define the 4 basic types of promotion
1. Advertising – paid, non-personal communication via the mass media;

2. Publicity – unpaid, non-personal communication
transmitted through the media;

3. Personal selling – one-on-one contact;

4. Sales promotion – paid, limited-time communication activities other than advertising
List the 6 broad categories of promotional tools, and provide examples of each.
broadcast media: radio, TV
technology: online, cd, phones, e-kiosks
display media: billboards, posters
presentations: clubs, schools
print media: brochures, flyers
other: contests, coupons
List the pros/cons/key considerations of each.
broadcast media: widespread/put time into making it
technology: target customers/annoying
display media: indoor & outdoor/must be simple.
presentations: bang-for-buck/if recorded=stuck with fashion
print media: best to find online media
other: easy to make/doesn't stick in memory
List the 6 factors to consider when putting together a marketing campaign
What are the program objectives?
Who is the target audience?
What is the budget?
What is the program?
At what stage is the program within the product
lifecycle?
What is the timeframe?
List the 4 categories of objectives (i.e. strategies) that any marketing campaign may have.
To inform
To educate
To persuade
To remind
which strategy would you use at each stage of the Program Life Cycle?
Introduction stage – to inform and to educate

Middle stages – to persuade and remind

Final stages – promotional efforts dwindle with interest
What are the 9 steps in the process for setting price?
1: Understand the overall environment of financing
parks, recreation, and leisure services organizations.
2: Understand the budget process within your
organization and how pricing decisions work within the budgeting process.
3: Understand the overall cost of programs
4: Identify the pricing objectives of the organization.
5: Identify the appropriateness of differential pricing
opportunities
6: Examine alternative funding possibilities beyond
fees and charges.
7: Consider psychological dimensions of price.
8: Establish the initial price.
9: Understand price revision decisions.
Define: economic impact,
direct impact,
indirect impact,
induced impact
economic impact = project the financial benefits at
individual, community, and society levels

direct impact = actual amount spent

indirect impact = ripple effect throughout community

induced impact = proportion of household income
spent locally
define: budget
a financial plan that translates the operational and strategic plan of the organization into achievable activities over a period of time (typically 1
fiscal year)
Define: Cost,
indirect cost,
direct cost,
fixed cost,
variable cost
Cost = monetary measure of the amount of resources
needed to create, implement, and evaluate programs

indirect cost = costs incurred regardless of program operation (office supplies and staff)

direct cost = costs incurred as a direct result of program operation (equipment and facility rentals)

fixed cost = constant over time, across circumstances, regardless of number of participants (facility rental)

variable cost = varies proportionately with variables such as number of participants (equipment rental)
what is the relationship between budgeting and program values?
Budgeting is a tangible method of aligning program values with actual $$$ values
List and define the 4 pricing schemes used when determining which proportion of costs should
be recovered through pricing.

when each should be used?
No cost – free to participants; all costs covered by
sponsorships, grants;
used when benefits are broad

Variable costs – participant fees cover overhead costs only

Partial overhead costs – participants share overhead costs with sponsors, grants

Full cost recovery – participants absorb all costs; used when benefits are relatively limited to the participant
List 3 common pricing objectives of programmers.
Income redistribution (i.e. to other products, services,
programs)

Efficient use of resources

Equity (i.e. those who benefit are the ones who pay)
List the 6 factors on which differential pricing opportunities are based.
Participants,
Product,
Place,
Time,
Quantity,
Promotional needs
List 3 alternative funding sources for programs.
Partnerships,
Grants,
Gifts and donations
List and define 3 psychological dimensions of price
Self-esteem – stigmatization around hand-outs

Reference point – base pricing enables participants to
determine whether or not they are getting a deal

Odd pricing – 99¢ is perceived as being better than $1.00
Describe the 3 pricing options when establishing the initial price.
Cost-based pricing using break-even analysis – based
exclusively on the actual cost of the program

Competition-based pricing – based exclusively on current market conditions

Demand-based pricing – based exclusively on customer expectations and needs
List the 4 psychological elements to be considered when revising price.
Tolerance zone
Customer adjustment period
Changing perceived value of service
Anchoring pricing
what are the 3 phases of experience?

List 2 key considerations to be made during each phase.
pre-experience = Prepare staff AND payment requirements

participation = risk management AND activity analysis

post-experience = facilitating travel home AND facilitating the reflection experiences
List 5 benefits of evaluating programs
Manage risks and enhance safety
Improve decision making
Increase participant satisfaction
Improve programs, events, services
Comply with internal or external standards
what are the 7 evaluation models?
intuitive model,
evaluation by goals and objectives,
goal-free model,
evaluation by standards,
systems models,
importance-performance analysis,
cost-benefit analysis.
what is the most commonly-used evaluation method in programming?

what are the 5 criteria that must be met in order to apply this evaluation method?
evaluation by goals and objectives

you must have a well-defined:
philosophy,
mission,
vision,
goals,
objectives,