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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe early (the first) hospitals
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Hospital - originated as a home for the elderly, needy, young, or infirm.
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Give the definition of a hospital as per American Hospital Association
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Hospital (American Hospital Association) - institution with at least 6 beds; provides diagnostic and therapeutic services under constant supervision by nurses to patients.
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Give the definition of a hospital as per World Health Organization
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Hospital (World Health Organization) - establishment staffed (permanently) by at least one physician, can offer inpatient accommodation and nursing care.
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What are hospitals?
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source of essential health care, legal entity, educators, employers, competitors, research labs, neighbors of community
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Determinants of Health in a Population?
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environment (social, economic, political, cultural, occupational), lifestyle (habits - alcohol, exercise, stress), biological factors (susceptibility to disease), access to health services (preventative, rehabilitative, general med, specialized med)
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What are Specialty Hospitals
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TB, psychiatric, maternity... etc. They provide a particular type of service to patients
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What is a Short-stay Hospital (as per National Hospital Discharge Survey, NHDS)
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those in which the average length a patient stays is less than 30 days.
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What is a Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)
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Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) - Healthcare system which assumes or shares both financial and delivery risks associated with providing comprehensive medical services to a voluntarily enrolled population in a specific geographic area.
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What is a group model HMO
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Group Model HMO - An HMO which contracts to one group of multi-specialty personnel to provide care to the members of that HMO.
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What is a Staff Model HMO
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Staff Model HMO - A closed panel HMO in which only a limited number of personnel are available to provide care to patients; the physicians are employees of the HMO.
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What is a Network Model HMO
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An HMO which contracts to several physician groups to provide care to members.
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What is an Individual Practice Association (IPA)
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Individual Practice Association (IPA) - A type of healthcare association which is made up of a group of individual practitioners who each have their own offices but come together to provide services to HMOs, PPOs and insurance companies.
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What is a Mixed HMO
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Mixed HMO - A HMO that combines the features of more than one HMO model.
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There are 3 definitions of a hospitl bed. descriube them
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(1) American Hospital Association - Bed count is number of beds which are set up and staffed for use by inpatients.
(2) World Health Organization - hospital bed is one regularly maintained and staffed for accommodation and full-time care of a succession of inpatients. (3) Center for Mental Health Services - counts number of beds set up on last day of reporting period. |
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Define Emergency Department
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Emergency Department - hospital facility providing unscheduled outpatient services to patients who require immediate care, operating 24 hrs a day. Off-site emergency departments included if staffed by hospital’s emergency dept.
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Define Outpatient Dept
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Outpatient Department - hospital facility in which non-urgent ambulatory medical care is provided.
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What is ambulatory care
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Ambulatory Care - Health care provided to persons without their admission to a health facility.
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What is tertiary care
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Tertiary Care - Consultative care on referral from primary or secondary medical personnel, by specialists. Secondary medical care is provided by a physical who acts at the request of a primary physician.
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WHat is primary care
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Primary Care - Basic or general care provided by doctors - GP family practice, pediatrics, general medicine etc
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What is palliative care
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Palliative Care - Approach that improves the quality of life for those patients and their families who have to deal with life-threatening illness
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Ministries of Health - have almost absolute legal power over hospitals: Give examples
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- whether it exists or not
- what range of services provided - by-laws - budgets and operating costs |
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Who are usually members of the Medical Adivsory committe? what does the committee do
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Medical Advisory Committee - usually composed of chiefs of clinical departments and obligated by law to provide advice to the Board of Directors.
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What is the difference between medical staffa nd house staff?
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Who are medical staff? Elected individuals
Who are house staff? Medical residents and fellows |
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What is important about hospital foundations and funds?
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Funds raised by hospital foundations are: NOT hospital funds until transferred from foundations.
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Some major hospital organizations?
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medical committee, admissions committee, infection control, research committee, pharmacy and therapeutics
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How are clerical support staff allocated?
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No consideration to historical support from dept., but all existing clerical staff taken into account (except research staff). They are distributed equally among divisions based on fair consideration of administration need and also respecting a limited pool of resources.
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Where were sunglasses first used? Which century?
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Sunglasses first used in CHINA, 12th century, made of smokey quartz - no corrective power
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Where were glasses first used? Which century?
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glasses first began to appear in ITALY, 13TH CENTURY
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Early spectacles corrected (hyperopia/myopia/astigmatism/presbyopia)
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presbyopia
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Who invented BIFOCAL?
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BENJAMIN Franklin
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Who invented lenses for ASTIGMATISM?
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George AIRY
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Who invented glasses modern style of glasses held on by temples passing over ears?
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EDWARD Scarlett
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Define: Spectacle/Lenses
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optical apparatus composed of lenses and a frame with side temples extending over ears.
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How can you judge what the correct frame width is?
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widest part of skull facial bone structure
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Lower temples (shorten/lengthen) a face while higher temples (shorten/lengthen) a face.
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Lower temples (shorten) a face while higher temples (lengthen) a face.
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A long face should have a (SHALLOWER/DEEPER) frame. Shorter face (SHALLOWER/DEEPER) frame
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A long face should have a DEEPER frame. Shorter face SHALLOWER frame
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(T/F) Someone who has a high Rx should get rimless glasses
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False
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Why should astigmatic ppl not wear square, rimless glasses
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you can see the huge curvature things
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Where should glasses come in contact with the face?
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AT NOSEPADS AND JUST ABOVE EARS
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How to tell a good plastic frame from a crappo one?
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Crap frames have plastic hinges - good plastic frames can have their shape manipulated by applying heat to soften the plastic
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What are the 5 types of plastic used in frames?
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Cellulose Nitrate - burns fiercely and yellows with age
Cellulose Acetate - many colors available, self extinguishes Lucite - very tough, solid colors only Nylon - becomes brittle with age, cheap Optyl - Austria - used now - frame cast in vacuum mold producing transparent material - color added to finished frame - 30% lighter than acetate frames - hypoallergenic and fire resistant |
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What is the advantage of movable nose pads?
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up/down back/forward for comfort
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What are Nylon Supra glasses?
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A frame that uses a nylon cord to hold the lenses in place, giving the appearance of “rimless” glasses. Semi-rimless are similar except they have a metal reinforcing arm on top.
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What are athletic frames?
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Polycarbonate lenses (can have Rx) with wrap around secured frames.
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What are hemianopic glasses?
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Glasses with prism to overcome field defect
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What are lorgnettes?
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eyeglasses not attached to face but held up
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What are monocles?
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single lens used more of a fashion statement
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What is the problem with clip on lenses?
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HEAVY
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What is a ptosis crutch?
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Device mounted on the spectacles of a patient who has a ptosis which holds the upper lid open
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Why are frameless glasses not appropriate for kids?
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screws make glass more prone to shatter
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What do prism reading glasses do?
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allow one to be flat on his/her back and still enjoy reading or tv
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What are lenses made of?
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Plastic or high quality glass
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When is flint glass used in lenses?
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It contains Pb - When higher refractive index is needed (n=1.62) reduced thickness etc
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What type of distortions can occur with glasses? What is used to correct thwm,?
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Chromatic aberration - white light separates into component colors - and spherical aberration - i.e. pincushion or barrel. corrective lenses used to fix
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Why do postcataract lenses have much associated distortion? How to fix this?
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very heavy and very high Rx - fixed with Lenticular or Aspheric lenses. Lenticular - fried egg (small Rx carried in middle of plano); aspheric - corrective lens is ground off peripery (slab off????)
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Why do people use plastic lenses?
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same properties as glass except much safer, lighter, impact resistent - thicker and more prone to scratches but anti scrach coating are availabke
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What is the most scratch resistent lens on the market
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polycarbonate (plastic)
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Heat-treated impact resistant glass lenses
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created to withstand a blow from 1 inch steel ball - heated in an oven and then rapidly cooled - force of a blow to the lens must be greater than the compression of the surface to cause destruction
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How to safety treat glass?
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- heat treated
- laminated - chemical treated |
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How can one chemically treat a glass lens
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immerse in potassium salt for 14 hrs, Na+ ions in the glass are then replaced by the K+ ions. After the lens cools the surfaces are transformed into compressed states which results in an impact resistant surface.
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What is antireflective coating made of, and what is it used for
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MgF2 = 1/4 wavelength of Yellow/Green light
all camera lenses are coated ("bloomed") to eliminate internal reflection and allow greater %T - it reduced glare and ghosting of images |
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What are photochromatic lenses? What is a disadvantage of them
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change from light to dark in presence of UV/blue (contain silver halide); take about 30 sec to darken but much longer to lighten again
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Define dyslexia
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a condition in ppl who have normal IQ and have a learning disorder
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incidence of reading retardation relative to mental age in children:
a. varies in communities b. varies with race c. does not vary |
a. varies in communities
higher incidence in areas of economic deprivation |
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in USA, what percent of kids are incompetent with reading by age 7?
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10% - 1/4 to 1/3 of this group are dyslexic
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What are some factors involved in academic learning?
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general intelligence
vision symbolization skills neurological integration emotional problems motivation opportunity |
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What are 2 synonyms for primary developmental dyslexia
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strephosymbolia, dyssymbolia
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Symptomatic dyslexia is usually secondary. What can is be secondary to
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CP
cerebral dysfunction mental retardation genetically determined post-trauma post0inflammatory asphyxic prematurity brain lesion slow maturation emotional disturbances seizure environmental disturbances slow reading acquired dyslexia mixed |
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Dyslexia usually indicated the greatest impairment in what?
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SPELLING
then reading, and maybe arithmetic some show minor motor difficulties, or difficulties in language comprehension |
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What are some findings in dyslexic individuals
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failure to see similarities and differences in words
reversals in reading or writing failure to read from L to R mirror writing omissions of words or letters distortion of words |
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What taking patient history you shoukld ask?
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- Which grade are they in?
- Are they having trouble reading? - is the handwriting legible? - any history of mirror writing or reversals? - any speech deficits? |
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What types of eye problems will result in reading difficulty?
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- intermittent deviations especially poorly controlled
- convergence insufficiency or accommodative insufficiency - reduced acuity - slow reading only |
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T/F: Silent reading is not as easy as oral.
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False. It is easier
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What are Irlen lenses? Who developed them and for what? describe
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Helen Irlen developed concept of Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome. Colored lenses were the :treatment: for this disorder. She interviewed 1500 adults who had reading disabilities and identified a group of them who could read OK but described it as "unpleasant, and extremely difficult". They complained of headache, visual distortion, glare, sore eyes. She named the syndrome Scotopic Sensitivity even though it has nothing to do with scotopic conditions. dumb. 6 months later she noticed a kid with SSS reading thru a colored overlay. She then developed "Irlen overlays" and flters and published a paper called "successful treatment of learning disabilities"
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What does Irlen describe SSS as?
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a visual-perceptual dysfunction involving excess sensitivity of the retina to particular frequencies of light; she claims a small part of color spectrum causes brain to distort images and the irlen lenses would FILTER THIS OUT
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Pinhole glasses were believed to????
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permanently improve eyesight
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What was the Bates method
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He thought eye strain was caused by the mind, and the mind was also responsible for refractive errors that are "compensated for" with glasses. he claims strain is also responsible for perfectly normal and harmless entities like floaters. his method was to repeatedly open and close one's eyes in front of an eye chart and visualize the objects previously seen while shifting gaze from point to point. he also denied that the lens had anything to do with accommodation and tried to prove it with crappo blurry images.
he believed EOMs controlled focus of the eye (eye elongates and shortens) |
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What is a behavioral optometrist
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claim to use therapy to improve tracking, fixation, motility, focus change, depth perception, peripheral vision, binocularity, attention, near vision, distance vision, visualization
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For which two conditions can vision therapy ACTUALLY be used?
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strabismus
convergence insufficiency |
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Where does PERCEPTION take place
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Brodmann's area 18 and 19
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What is perception influenced by?
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attention
experience emotion method of stimulation |
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what is visual perception
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ability to recognize and use visual stimuli by relating them to previous experiences
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How is dyslexia treated in children
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treatment needs are mostly educational - specially trained reading therapist
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